7050SOH A GLOBAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVE IN FIGHTING TUBERCULOSIS ASSIGNMENT SAMPLE 2023
Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most fatal diseases in the world as it has been observed that 15% of death in America and Europe is directly related to TB. It may be asserted that there are some global factors that influence TB as many health agencies of the world have taken initiatives to control the prevalence of TB. In this essay, globalization factors, prevention and control strategies, and challenges for controlling TB will be discussed in detail.
Analysing and describing four globalization factors that influence the global prevalence of TB
It has been observed that globalization is one of the globalization factors which influence TB as it has been mentioned that most TB patients are addicted to tobacco smoking. More specifically, tobacco smoking is one of the prime factors of TB disease as it has been proved that there is an intimate relationship between excessive smoking and improved risk factors of Tuberculosis (Wang, 2020).
Moreover, most TB deaths are directly related to TB which indicates that excessive smoking may increase TB infection in the lungs of human beings which may result in severe death. It may be argued that excessive tobacco smoking may create a harmful impact on tuberculosis outcomes which indicates that when smoking is associated with TB then it may create severe outcomes (Marshall, 2020).
Additionally, if the general population of a country is associated with tobacco smoking then the country may face lots of TB cases. In addition to that, TB is a contagious disease and it may be transmitted through coughing and sneezing while if TB disease is not controlled then it may create a negative impact on the health infrastructure of a country.
It has been found that smoking plays a vital role in improving the risk factor of TB disease in the human body and there is strong evidence that tobacco smoking may enhance the severity and death rates of TB (Khan, 2020).
The government of India has taken many initiatives in quitting the smoking consumption of TB patients which is an extremely positive sign to control TB in the country as in this graph the quitting of smoking’s defined age group has been illustrated in detail (who-seajph.org, 2021). It needs to be argued that the population of a country needs to mitigate the bad habit of smoking or else it is extremely harmful to the government of a country to control the increasing cases of TB.
According to the report of the World Health Organization tobacco smoking and TB is a threatening amalgamation as Ukraine also faced a lot of TB cases in Europe and for that reason, the government of Ukraine enhanced tobacco taxes in the country (who.int, 2021). Along with that, cigarettes contain tobacco which is extremely harmful to human lungs and it also creates a negative impact on the immune system of a human being.
More specifically, TB patients need to control tobacco smoking, or else the effectiveness of TB treatment may be decreased. It may be argued that over 20% of cases of TB are directly related to excessive smoking even though active and passive smoking both are harmful and may enhance the risk factors which are related to tuberculosis (de Vargas, 2021).
Moreover, TB infection may be influenced by tobacco smoking which may result in severe death of a human being as it also resists TB treatments.
Alcohol drinking is as harmful as smoking and in European countries, the issue of excessive alcohol consumption has been observed and that is one of the main reasons for the prevalence of TB. On the contrary, there is a positive connection between TB disease and excessive alcohol consumption as 15% of deaths during TB treatments are directly related to alcohol consumption which indicates the dangerous combination of TB drinking alcohol (Chaulk, 2020).
Furthermore, in Europe and America healthy drinkers are found in both men and women who may influence the prevalence of TB in those countries. TB is a bacterial infection that is impacted in human lungs as excessive alcohol consumption may increase the risk factors of TB and influence the mortality rate of TB. According to the Biomed Central (BMC) public health report, if a man drinks more than
40 grams of alcohol per day then the risk of TB disease may increase as excessive alcohol drinking may create a harmful impact on the immune system of human beings (alcohol.org, 2021). Moreover, in TB treatment lots of antibiotics are used while if a man does not reduce alcohol drinking the effectiveness of drugs will be discussed and that may result in severe TB outcomes.
It may be asserted that if a man takes both alcohol and cigarettes then the risk factors of TB diocese may be influenced which may result in a multidrug-resistant TB. Moreover, a diabetic patient may have the highest risk factors of TB infection as a diabetic needs to take moderate alcohol or else the risk of TB may be increased.
WHO also designed a TB end strategy while if the governments of different countries may not take proper initiatives to control the consumption of alcohol drinking the severity of TB disease may not be reduced. Excessive alcohol consumption is one of the main reasons for the highest mortality of TB patients which indicates the alcohol drink TB is directly connected as it also resorts to the anti TB drugs (Eggles, 2021).
Air pollution may be considered as one of the prime globalization factors which may influence the prevalence of TB disease as in India or other countries a lot of air pollution has been observed which directly impacted the lungs of human beings. Moreover, it is required to be argued that some micro-pollutants of air such as Particulate Matter 10 (PM10), SO2 are extremely harmful to a human being which influences the spread of TB disease while improvement of air quality may be impactful to control the prevalence of TB (Xiang, 2021).
Additionally, outdoor and indoor air pollution is extremely harmful and may increase the severity of TB disease. On the other hand, air pollution is increasing day by day in India, China, UK, USA and other countries which is the prime reasons for increasing TB cases in those countries as lot of factories, cars helps to enhance the micro pollutant in the air which decrease the quality of air and impacted lungs of human being.
In gold and coal mining, most labourers have faced the risk factors of TB as in the mining field there are lots of PM 2.5 and PM10 which is tremendously harmful to lungs.
TB is one of the most fatal diseases as according to WHO report (2018) one-third of the world population has a chance of TB infection as WHO also reported that air pollution is mainly responsible for 2.4 million deaths and the short and long term exposure of air pollution may influence the risk factors of TB disease (Li, 2019). In addition to that, it is one of the biggest responsibilities of the government of a country to reduce air pollution, or else it is immensely difficult to control the spread of TB disease.
Moreover, new variants of TB have been discovered such as XDR-TB and MDR-TB which have more mortality rates than normal TB as if the indoor and outdoor qualities have not been improved then it may increase the severity of TB condition in a country. Additionally, air pollution, smoking and drinking alcohol are harmful to TB patients and a TBI patient needs to be extremely careful during TB treatments.
The treatment of Tuberculosis has been facing severe issues from the spread of HIV, Diabetes and antibiotic resistant strains of TB globally where the drugs may cause harmful effects on HIV and diabetes infected persons. On the other hand, the first line of TB drugs are not useful and have no work in the cases for Extremely Drug Resistant TB (XDR- TB) and the global prevalence of the drug resistant strain of TB is causing a headache to the health body’s.
In Russia and former communist countries, the prevalence of Drug resistant TB accounts for one fifth of the new cases where the treatment is associated with highly toxic medications. The increasing number of diabetes patients has a risk of failure and death combined and relapses among TB patients with the risk of developing Type-2 diabetes (Yorke, 2017).
Furthermore, the co-infection of HIV and TB is more severe for the patient where Multi Drug Resistant TB (MDR-TB) is inhabited and may cause serious health problems (Pinto, 2017). The global effort to control TB has been threatened by the drug resistant strain of TB where more than 5000000 cases are resistant to first line drugs in 2018 (Nimmo, 2020).
High Pharmacokinetic (PK) variability and inadequate exposure of TB drugs are undesirable where the high dose leads to the toxicity and low drug exposure predisposes the prolonged treatment, treatment failure, relapse and development of drug resistance (Daskapan, 2019).
Africa, America, Europe and South Asia show the rising of drug resistant TB where it is the outcome of the selection resistance conferring mutations during inadequate anti tuberculosis treatment. However, the spread of HIV and diabetes plays negatively in the global goal of ending TB from society where the use of TB drugs in Diabetes and HIV infected persons may cause severe effects.
The National Health Service (NHS) of the UK has been playing an active role in mitigating and controlling the spread of tuberculosis with proper strategic planning. The NHS has been organizing several vaccination programs throughout the country and also organizing various health camps for increasing awareness among people (NationalHealthService, 2021).
On the other hand, the NHS has been forming several groups and has been approaching parents to increase their knowledge about tuberculosis and about the harmful effects of the disease. In addition to this, the healthcare workers of the NHS have been constantly showing active support to the patients suffering from tuberculosis and diagnosis of the patients has been done in an extremely careful way.
Furthermore, the NHS has been providing effective medication to the patients suffering from the disease and has been able to reduce the spread of tuberculosis. In addition to the NHS, several Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have been playing an active role in controlling the disease with utmost accuracy and precision where effective drugs are distributed among the patients (Researchgate, 2021).
The NHS and other organizations are playing a crucial role in preventing and controlling tuberculosis in a global context where use of antibiotics has proven to be effective.
Discussing about the health agencies to prevent Tuberculosis
The National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is one of the most important agencies which are playing a pivotal role in controlling and preventing tuberculosis globally. The NCBI has been playing an active role in understanding the several aspects of tuberculosis and also playing an essential role in analysing the molecular genetics of the disease in order to make better medications for the disease(NCBI, 2021).
Stronger approaches and initiatives have been taken by the NCBI to fight with tuberculosis and NCBI has been using its relevant data base relating to biotechnology and biomedicine in order to mitigate and control the spread of tuberculosis across the world. On the other hand, it may be asserted that with the help of advanced bioinformatics, it has been possible to control the risk factors of tuberculosis to some extent which has proven to be immensely successful.
The spread of tuberculosis has been decreasing globally and for example India is a country where the number of infected persons has also decreased in the past few years (TBFacts, 2021). It may be clearly mentioned that men get affected more by the disease than females and patients with other diseases are the worst victims (TBFacts, 2021).
The World Health Organization (WHO) has shown an active participation in dealing with the issue of tuberculosis in a strict manner which has generated a positive result throughout the world. Furthermore, it may be asserted that WHO has published the Global Tuberculosis Report on October 17, 2019 which covered almost 99% of the population across 202 countries and estimated the number of tuberculosis cases (Harding, 2020).
The WHO has taken several resolutions and has taken several agendas to mitigate and control the spread of tuberculosis where global strategy has been implemented for long term progress. WHO has also formed an advisory group to diagnose the disease in an effective way where use of advanced technical tools and strategies has been used for dealing with the disease in a strict way (WHO, 2021).
On a broader note, it needs to be mentioned that WHO forms its global policies based on evidence and the information in order to improve public health and also provides guidelines for keeping in check the spread of diseases such as tuberculosis. Widespread experiments are conducted to understand the multiple facets of tuberculosis and in order to establish a relationship to the overall heterogeneity observed in humans (Cadena, 2017).
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has been showing promising efforts in reducing the spread of tuberculosis across the globe where implementing administrative measures, environmental control and use of respiratory protective equipment may be taken into use extensively. CDC has been effectively using bedaquiline drugs to fight against the disease in an effective way and it is used specifically to treat multi drug resistant tuberculosis (CDC, 2021).
The CDC workgroup has been issuing effective recommendations for fighting with tuberculosis and uplifting the conditions of common people(Sosa, 2019). The African region has a huge population infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and for this reason the number of deaths in this region is significantly higher.
The number of patients infected in tuberculosis has been found to be lowest in the United States in 2017 where the national tuberculosis surveillance began in 1953 (Stewart, 2018). On the other hand, it may be implied that due to the active efforts of CDC the number of deaths of people suffering from tuberculosis have decreased in the last few years where use of several effective medications including bedaquiline has proven to bear successful results.
Challenges faced by agencies in controlling TB globally
It has been established that TB is one of the most common diseases in the world and kills several people every year all around the globe and therefore, it has become extremely crucial to prevent the prevalence of the disease. Report suggests that in the year 2016 there were approximately 10.4 million people all over the world who developed TB disease and 90% of the patients were adults and it is estimated that 40% TB cases remain undiagnosed every year (Tiberi, 2018).
There are many organizations and agencies, such as WHO, NHS, CDC that have been relentlessly working towards reducing the number of TB cases each year and to some extent these organizations have been successful in creating awareness about TB. However, it also needs to be stated that there have been quite a few challenges that the agencies have faced regarding their mission to control the prevalence of TB globally and the subsequent challenges will be discussed critically below.
WHO is an organization that is committed to cater to all countries in the world regarding any health-related concern and TB is one such disease that the organization has been focused on eradicating for many years (WHO, 2021). However, there have been many challenges that WHO has faced in controlling TB all around the world due to various reasons and thus, TB is not totally and completely eradicated from the globe as of yet.
Specifically, in the European regions WHO has faced and is still facing quite a few challenges in controlling TB and especially in the countries that were a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist republics (USSR) (Who.int, 2021). WHO has faced challenges in controlling TB in the European regions, since in those countries the prevalence of multidrug- resistant TB (MDR-TB) is quite significant and thus, WHO is facing obstacles to reduce the spread of TB in those areas. It may be stated that the drug- resistant form of TB brings in new challenges for eliminating TB globally and according to WHO, 3.3% patients have developed MDR-TB in the year 2019 (Jiang, 2020).
In addition to that, the lack of political involvement and government’s financial aid is another reason for which WHO is unable to completely eliminate TB from the countries of the European region. Other than that, the lack of public awareness and poor health infrastructure are other reasons that are holding WHO back from taking effective control measures in countries of the European region.
It has been reported that in the European regions there is a high risk of prison inmates being contaminated with the disease due to poor maintenance of hygiene, lack of early diagnosis and more. Furthermore, it has also been reported that the chances of prison inmates catching TB is higher than the rest of the country in the European region, hence WHO is facing challenges to completely eliminate TB from that area.
Another agency that is facing challenges in controlling the prevalence of TB is Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and more specifically in the USA, since CDC is an American public health agency (CDC, 2021). It needs to be mentioned that TB is a disease that needs to be diagnosed and detected early to avoid any severity and the lack of the same is what is causing CDC to face challenges regarding controlling TB in the USA.
It needs to be mentioned that the diagnosis of TB is one of the major problems in curing TB and there is extreme necessity in creating better equipment for TB diagnosis and implementing proper strategies to reduce morbidity associated with TB (Gupta-Wright, 2020). Furthermore, there are many people who come to the USA from all over the world as refugees and migrants and thus, it is also a reason why TB is prevalent in the USA.
Research asserts that the patients admitted to hospitals in the USA in the year 2017 with TB were mostly male and belonged to the Asian community (Readhead, 2021). Moreover, TB is a contagious disease and in the USA there are countless shelters for homeless people and these shelters happen to be extremely crowded, which increases the possibilities for TB to spread easily amongst people in the USA.
According to research, the various geographic regions of the USA with higher numbers of TB cases are caused by ongoing contamination in comparison to an individual reintroducing a case of TB (Noppert, 2019). In addition to that, maintaining a proper health infrastructure is extremely important for detecting and diagnosing TB in any country and for that the involvement of the government is extremely crucial.
This is one such reason that allows health agencies to face challenges to control any disease and CDC is also facing similar kinds of difficulties in the USA as well to control TB. Other than that, the high cost of hospital admission also forces a lot of people to not take medical help after contaminating TB in the USA and hence, the disease spreads easily as a lack of proper medical care.
Therefore, the USA government needs to cooperate with the public health agencies and lower the cost of hospital costs so that more people are encouraged to seek early diagnosis. Moreover, similar to other countries CDC is also facing challenges in controlling TB due to Covid-19 and it has been reported that the pandemic will cause over a million deaths due to TB and missed diagnosis of the disease globally (Zokufa, 2021).
The NHS of the UK is also facing similar challenges in controlling TB in the countries of the UK, which has restricted the countries of the UK region to fully completely eradicate and eliminate TB (NationalHealthService, 2021). The most important difficulties that the NHS is facing in controlling TB in the UK is people’s lack of knowledge and awareness about the disease, which is making it possible for TB to be still prevalent in the countries.
Furthermore, similar to the USA, the UK also provides residency to people from all over the world and refugees from countries that have high concentrations of TB cases, enter the UK as well. Hence, it has become challenging for the NHS to entirely eliminate TB cases from the countries of the UK and additionally, the government’s lack of commitment in reducing TB is also posing a threat for the agency in effectively controlling TB.
Therefore, it is extremely imperative to control TB in the UK, since TB is considered as the number one reason for deaths worldwide and the drug resistant TB remains a major threat for global health (Floyd, 2018).
Furthermore, the NHS also finds it challenging to acquire proper aids and financial health from the government as well and that also prevents them from controlling TB in the countries of the UK. Despite having several TB controls programmes, the NHS in the UK finds it challenging to fight TB and the reasons for that is lack of public awareness, late detection and diagnosis and more. It needs to be mentioned that in spite of several efforts TB still remains to be one of the crucial threats to public health worldwide and thus, its prevention is extremely necessary(Zellweger, 2020).
Furthermore, it also needs to be mentioned that during the pandemic, it has been extremely difficult to effectively prevent TB and especially in the UK, since several lockdowns were imposed in the country as a result of the pandemic. According to research, the pandemic caused by Covid-19 has presently taken the focus away from all other health issues and there are several ways through which this phenomenon will have a negative impact on the existing health related predicaments(Togun, 2020).
National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
The National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) plays a crucial role in preventing the further spread of tuberculosis and in this mission the NCBI has been facing various challenges and obstacles including shortage of experts for handling the data base in a proper way. Additionally, it may be asserted that database management has become a vital aspect of dealing with sensitive data in the field of science where multiple functions are required to be managed in a systematic way to overcome several complications(Pavlo, 2017).
On the other hand, it may be implied that NCBI has been facing issues regarding monitoring the quality of the operations where lack of sufficient research material has been hindering the progress of research in a negative way. The availability of resources makes it quite challenging to carry on the activities in a smooth and hassle freeway which ultimately affects the progress of work of NCBI.
The lack of trusted sources also becomes an issue in developing software tools for analysing molecular as well as genomic data in the most precise way possible. Moreover, the development of software’s becomes important in using online resources where optimization plays a crucial role in proper functioning of the database(Sayers, 2019).
Conclusion
From the above all discussion, it may be concluded that TB has established a long root in the society with new strains forming mutations of the bacterium which is leading to more infections and death worldwide. Almost 20 % of the population of the world are TB infected where the global prevalence of the disease is more or less due to excessive smoking, drinking alcohol habits, increasing air pollution, malnutrition and the cohabitation of Diabetes and HIV with several variants of drug resistant TB.
Several health agencies including WHO, NHS, NCBI have come forward to eradicate TB from society by the end of 2030 where several treatment measures and guidelines are taken forward to completely finish the last variant of TB. WHO recommended bedaquiline to fight against the drug resistant TB infections which proved highly effective and perform genetic mutations to fight against the MDR-TB.
In order to mitigate the disease, health agencies are taking strong approaches with technical superiority of bio genetics and bioinformatics to effectively control the spread of the disease and reduce the infection and death due to TB. Strong political will and awareness of TB in poverty ridden countries may create a positive atmosphere to fight the disease effectively.
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