7050SOH: Globalisation and Health Assignment Sample 2024
Introduction
Globalization has become a trend that is influencing the incorporation of culture as well as business activities across the world. Globalization is a term that is used to describe the increasing interdependency between the population, culture and economy. Cross border trade of goods and services, technology, people, information and flow of investment are the major aspects that have been influenced by globalization.
Globalization has been beneficial for different countries to develop a stable and sustainable economy. Economic opportunities have been rising due to the influence of globalization. However, globalization has also been influencing the spread of disease across the world. For example, globalization is the reason for the higher spread of infectious diseases from South to North. Along with this, non-communicable diseases have also been transmitted due to the transmission of behavior and culture from North to South.
Especially, the developing countries have seen a major influx of infectious diseases due to the impact of globalization. This study focuses on the analysis of globalization factors that have influenced the spread of diseases like tuberculosis. This assignment has chosen tuberculosis to explore the influence of globalization factors. Further, the global health agents facing challenges to fight tuberculosis will also be explored in the study.
Discussion
Overview of the globalization factors
According to World Health Organization (WHO), globalization is a complex and multifaceted concept that has a diversified and widespread impact on human societies. Simply, globalization is changing the scenario related to politics, economy, social areas with the increase of human interaction (WHO, 2021).
The concept of globalization is driven as well as constrained by a number of factors that include technological development, economic processes, political influence, cultural and value system, social and environmental factors. These are the major forces that varied in terms of different parts of globalization and make a direct or indirect impact on the health of persons at a different level.
The spread of globalization across the world is quite fast and it is causing wide ranging changes that are impacting the spread of infectious diseases.
The major aspects of globalization are economic, demographic, environmental and technological areas which have been raising causal relationships and causes of infectious disease spread. Although, the aspects are not only the reason for negative issues positive issues have also been started to escalate due to the factors.
Globalization is considered to be a profound and unpredictable cause that leads to making a change in biological, social and ecological conditions (Bowen, et al., 2015). The changing factors in the area of biological, social and ecological conditions also lead to an increase in the burden of infectious disease across the population.
Evidence also suggests that the changes in the conditions also lead to making severe levels of alternations in the spread, prevalence, geographical range, and control of any sort of infection. Especially, the diseases spread or transmitted through vectors are related to the changes of conditions.
The economic impact of globalization involves various degrees of losses as well as gains for globalization related to economic aspects. This is why the vulnerability of infectious diseases also differs in regards to the economic aspect of globalization.
Economic strength can help a country or economy to provide stable and improved healthcare support. Not only the developed healthcare infrastructure, but the lifestyle of the individuals also changes that decrease the chance of spreading infectious diseases (Crane, et al., 2019).
Under the concept of epidemiology, disease surveillance provides analytical results for identifying the patterns of infectious disease. It is also effective to understand the impact made by globalization on the spread of diseases (Knobler, et al., 2005).
Such analytical results are also considerable for countries to understand the pattern and influence of infectious diseases. The distribution of health and diseases across countries or regions are the considerable aspects that can be understood with the results too.
The analysis of globalization and the spread of diseases mostly shows that the linkage between infectious diseases and globalization. Most of the focus in such cases is related to acute and epidemic infections. Such diseases possess direct risk which also creates challenges for an effective response from the public health system (Dignam & Galanis, 2016).
The inequalities in the capacity as well as access to the surveillance of diseases between the developing and developed countries also possess the risk of underestimating the state of the burden faced by poorer countries due to infectious diseases. These factors pose the need for having a surveillance system that can be used for monitoring countries with low technology, as well as the developing world.
With such an approach, the true impact of globalization on the spread of disease can be effectively understood. With such approach, it also creates the option or opportunity for the states to take appropriate action if any sort of transmission is noticed.
Relationship between the globalization factors and occurrence and spread of the disease
Tuberculosis is a disease that is caused by the infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis affecting around one-third of the world’s population and approximately 9 million new cases of death and infection are recorded. This is primarily an airborne disease that is transmitted to the majority of the cases by infection exposed to the positive agent.
For the past few decades, the infection is under control however the re-emerging and posing for traffic across the Global platform are increasing due to increasing globalization (Schmidt, 2008). The negative attribute of globalization plays a significant role in the spreading of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis that is extensively drug-resistant.
People with HIV-infected susceptible hosts have a poor treatment for tuberculosis, increasing the failure rate among the people below the poverty line. This aspect is also associated with globalization as the re-emergence of tuberculosis is considered to be contributed due to the extreme changes in the global platform (Hayward, Harding, McShane and Tanner, 2018).
By reviewing relevant literature and from the case study it can also be identified that by considering the fact of globalization the aspect of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis can be identified to be at an age of requiring new policy at the international level that will increase the collaboration of different agents to strengthen the measures and also eliminate the spread of the Deadly yet curable disease by cost-effective and economic term.
Global migration has greatly impacted the epidemiology of Tuberculosis both in developing as well as a developed nations. Due to the inadequate treatment of the emergence of the multidrug-resistant strains of tuberculosis act as a serious challenge for the agents as they are not able to treat the infection at the first line and therefore the increasing rate of tuberculosis is ultimately harming human health. After China and India Nigeria is amongst the highest-burden countries with people being affected by tuberculosis.
The rising cases of the disease in these countries have seen an excessive increase in human migration at the international level (Saleh, 2015). Apart from that, the rise in HIV infection especially in the remote locations and rural areas of these countries are also increasing disparities in the lack of access and wealth among the people for health care services free movement health system Reform and commitment from the government to provide adequate Health Services.
Due to free movement across the cross-border and trans-border countries as well as increasing migration the individuals with latent tuberculosis infection are also making a greater percentage of increasing cases of the disease despite the fact that a higher percentage of the disease are being observed in the developing Nations a rather than the developed countries.
This increasing rate is not only posing a threat to the developing countries but is also making the developed Nations stand at a questionable situation to where the Global migration is also parallelly being taken into consideration and people from the Transcend cross border countries are moving to the developing nation for treatment Refugee leisure business.
The activities associated with the migration that is a crime aspect of globalization has its own negative attributes and aspect in regards to the spread of tuberculosis from countries that cases through human hosts by means of land, sea, or air (Schmidt, 2008).
The increasing rate of tourists and the practice of the well the individual from the developed and economically sound countries the traveling to developing or poor countries for exploiting the people in the economically disadvantaged the ones that are also referred to as sex tourism is a now also making a huge difference and resulting to an increasing rate of HIV.
In this situation, the women and children are becoming more vulnerable and it is also facilitating the rise in the number of ads due to which the coexistence of tuberculosis in the developing Nation is increasing among women and children who have a weaker immune status.
Increasing levels of poverty are also being linked to globalization that is ultimately contributing to the re-emergence of tuberculosis as people in the poor Nation do not have access to health centers and affordable medication therefore it is becoming a burden to the national government to provide appropriate services to the people at remote locations.
Countries such as Nigeria, the Russian Federation China, and India accounting for the overall one percent of global estimated tuberculosis cases (Saleh, 2015). Similarly, in developed nations such as the USA, there are about 50,000 to 70000 refugees who are annually recorded to be migrants from other countries that have a higher incidence of tuberculosis.
This is substantially increasing the tuberculosis burden among the foreign countries that are even developed and have well-framed Health Care provision and facilities. Infections usually result from the coexistence and interplay between the environment pathogen and the host and a notable increase in the mobility of the population is resulting in the increased likelihood of infectious diseases.
In order to correlate the context of globalization with the increasing cases of tuberculosis, it is a vote defining the term globalization. It is referred to as a set of global processes that is constantly changing the nature of human interaction across the globe and social sphere including the environmental, cultural, political, and economic situation (Schmidt, 2008).
The re-emergence of infectious diseases is often changing the immune-compromised status of the host cell and the pathogen for the environment that is being resulting due to global warming and increasing mobility of the human population.
The increasing cases of tuberculosis have also seen an excessive rise in the recent time in developing Nations. It points out the fact that the increasing mobility of the population across the globe is also reforming the health system. Due to globalization, the interdependence of different countries has increased, and due to which the issue of the excessive spread of infectious diseases has also leveled up (Knobler, Mahmoud, Lemon and Pray, 2006).
In view of the negative consequences of globalization and the potential threat that is posed due to tuberculosis in the current global economic downturn, there is an extreme need of international players to be highly committed to politically and financially e table frameworks containing the elimination of spread of dreadful diseases.
It also needs to frame the policies in a cost-effective way that can be easily accessible to the people in the remote and rural locations of the developing nations as well.
Socio economic factors are the most considerable aspect to understand the globalization factors and its relation with occurrence or spread of disease. The percentage of tuberculosis patients presents across the world is found to be higher in the countries from low and middle income. The socio economic factors like education, employment, poverty are quite considerable in those countries (Mirski, et al., 2011).
In this context, it can be said that the globalization has been occurring from a long time where businesses and people are moving from east to west. Europe and Americas have been developed over the time due to the influx of business activities. The trend has been continuous and businesses invests and operate from the countries too for their economic benefits.
On the other hand, people from low and middle income countries moves to Europe and Americas for better employment and job opportunities (Huynen, et al., 2005). This has become a major factor of spread of tuberculosis from east to west. Due to the belonging from low and middle income countries, the nations were already under economic threats where socioeconomic factors are causing threat and insisting to the spread of the disease.
Worldwide movement to middle income nations is expanding and its health outcomes, specifically expanding transmission paces of tuberculosis (TB) which also require major consideration. Relocation or migration and TB involve concern for the nations with higher income and designated screening of transients for dynamic and TB disease is a fundamental methodology to oversee chance and limit transmission.
The rate of tuberculosis in middle income countries stays at a higher level among the poorest as well as vulnerable groups. Most commonly large cities hold a higher rate of prevalence of tuberculosis among the population living in mid income countries (Pescarini, et al., 2017). The common reason of such rate of prevalence is the presence of developing economy.
In developing economy, most of the economic activities taken place in the large cities where people from rural or semi-urban areas move for better employment opportunity. However, presence of people living with high density of population cause spread of tuberculosis. This is because the disease spread through coughs, sneezes which are quite common due to interaction between the large population in large cities of middle income countries.
Policies also exist in middle income countries which focuses on control over the prevalence of tuberculosis. Policies that deal with TB in big high income nations might be deficient for middle income nations in light of their diverse financial and social situations.
Systems to control TB in these settings should consider the qualities of mid income nations and the intricacy of TB as an infection of destitution. Intersectoral policies of social security, for example, cash-move programs help to lessen poverty and further developing wellbeing in weak populations (Pescarini, et al., 2017).
The evidences also suggest that the middle income countries have long history of sending migrant population to the countries with higher income. However, developing state of their economy in recent time has been influencing over the major influx of migrant populations in middle income countries. This is also raising concern in regards to the spread of diseases, especially the infectious diseases.
These factors also increase the need for having initiative that can help in controlling the spread of the disease and generate awareness among the populations.
Challenges faced by global health agents in their efforts to reduce the burden of the disease at global level
The current epidemiologic data mandated the discussion to enhance the current treatment and control measures and efforts for tuberculosis. There are several solutions that have been found in the framework delineated for stopping the tuberculosis partnerships goal and the objective to eliminate tuberculosis by 2050 highlights the major issues in tuberculosis prevention its management and funding issue (WHO, 2015).
Although with the enhancement in the technology the treatment success rate for tuberculosis is 85% and is being achieved in most of the Nations include in the regions of Africa and some of the most remote locations in the world however instead of culture method the tuberculosis program in some developing nations are becoming a high burden for the government to maintain the traditional methodology such as a skin testing and evaluation of other clinical symptoms.
Since the sensitivity of such test are very poor especially for patient with extrapulmonary infection and HIV the extent of improving tuberculosis is reducing the cure rate and acting as a barrier in the implementation of accurate point-of-care diagnosis for tuberculosis (Jassal and Bishai, 2010).
Similarly, in terms of tuberculosis management issues, the increasing early detection of HIV infection among individuals with tuberculosis disease is very minimal. The detection of HIV infection in individuals receiving a diagnosis for tuberculosis is almost neglected as the critical success rate is very minimum and the availability of such Diagnostic practices is also very limited.
The coinfection of HIV with tuberculosis is increasing the likelihood of the progression after the reactivation and primary infection of latent tuberculosis infection. Due to the increasing immunocompromised States among the individual, the bacillary burden of the disease is being enhanced and therefore the reliable diagnosis for tuberculosis among the HIV infected individual is becoming difficult with the use of the conventional diagnosis process.
The government as developed as well as developing Nations must make an effort to encourage the public-private partnership for enhancing the treatment for tuberculosis. The public health care service providers in most of the nation are the major participants in providing care to the people. Due to a lack of training and monitoring of the health care service provider, the developing nations are not able to adhere to the National and international tuberculosis guidelines and programs.
Hence it can be stated that if any therapeutic modality and effective Diagnostic Framework for enhancing the treatment for tuberculosis is conducted at the global level the private Healthcare service also needs to be in line with the new and current adopted standard of care.
Among the HIV-infected population, the isoniazid prophylactic therapy is also underused which is focused on the implementation of the therapy as a significant and effective control strategy for reducing the reservoir of the disease. The therapy has shown positive results in reducing the incidences of tuberculosis however the extent of its implementation is even less than 1% at the Global platform (Jassal and Bishai, 2010).
Apart from that, it is also a cost-effective strategy that can be implemented by the developing Nations however due to lack of resources setting the therapy is not being widely accepted. Another factor that is also contributing to the failure of the international agent for mitigating tuberculosis is the insufficient Public Health measures.
Since the tuberculosis control strategy in some of the countries is very weak it is becoming a concern for the health care service provider and international Agencies to amplify the drug resistance of tuberculosis to increase the number of cases, especially in such countries. Additionally, the cases are unevenly distributed due to which the chances of increase in the relevance are in forward with incomplete and inappropriate treatment.
In the developing Nation, the cost for such treatment is the major loophole as it is considered that it is 100 times more expensive than treating MDR tuberculosis than in the treatment of it with drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Apart from that the clinical management and medication that are required or also considered to be potential of toxic treatment courses and a prolonged course that also requires further training among the Healthcare service provider. In the 94 countries which report 93% of all the cases of tuberculosis in the world, the full implementation of the plan is very limited.
Due to the lack of funding from the national government and other private donors the Global plan is not being successfully implemented (Jassal and Bishai, 2010). Apart from that, the current economic crisis is also affecting the financial spending of the Healthcare Institutions Global agents and the national government on tuberculosis and other significant health-related programs that directly impact the improvised population.
Since the governments of the countries that have a higher burden of tuberculosis are not able to support the effort, the burden of the funding is inevitably falling On the International Organisation of Government Agencies and other resource-rich countries (Jassal and Bishai, 2010).
There are several gaps that can be identified at the international level for effectively implementing the tuberculosis control effort by the international agents. The evidence from these gaps at the international level is decreasing the number of successful cure cases against tuberculosis then what is required to achieve the millennium development goal against the elimination of tuberculosis by 2050.
Due to the increasing number of drug-resistant cases in population-density countries and the increasing cases of the Deadly duo HIV and tuberculosis co-infection, the increasing rate of the tuberculosis epidemic in most of the developing nations is acting as a greater burden to the national and international organizations (Jassal and Bishai, 2010).
Apart from that due to an increasingly globalized environment the responsibility among the international Arena is not been equally distributed due to which the funding gap and the resource-limited availability can be identified.
The scenario of challenges faced by the health agents to reduce the burden of tuberculosis differs on the basis of their operating areas. In simpler words, the challenges faced by the health agents differs in every country. The socioeconomic factors along with globalization causes such challenges. For example, globalization has been influencing over the major shift of population from low and mid income countries.
Most of the people move to the western countries are for blue collar jobs (WHO, 2021). The employees with blue collar jobs are also weak in education and living in highly populace countries. These factors create challenges for the health agents to teach and ask the employees to maintain better lifestyle. The habits of living in unhygienic state in their native countries also restrict them to change the lifestyle and protect from tuberculosis. Along with this, language is also a barrier for the health agent to improve and develop better lifestyle choices among the workers.
On the other hand, the health agents of middle income countries face struggle to reduce the burden due to insufficient legal support. The health agents in those countries lack in the access to infrastructure, equipment which restricts in reducing burden. Testing is a key in control and prevention of tuberculosis which is very much less in the mid income countries due to insufficient support to healthcare (Huynen, et al., 2005).
The high number of population living in the large cities also creates complication for the health agents to deliver services. Due to the economic constraint, the ratio of health agent in the population is very much low that restricts in provision of healthcare services in the countries.
Conclusion
It is concluded that the globalization has become a trend and influencing factor in recent time. The economies are developing and businesses are expanding due to the influence of globalization. However, globalization also holds certain negative aspects. For example, spread of disease due to interaction between people and their movement are the factors related to globalization that cause spread of diseases.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that has also been spread across the world due to globalization. Movement of people from rural and semi urban area to large cities have been the reason that cause high influx of tuberculosis in mid income countries. Whereas, movement of people to western countries is also a reason of spread of TB.
The health agents across the world have also faced major issues to reduce the burden of TB. This is because the access to infrastructure and equipment is a concern in mid income countries to provide support. On the other hand, language barrier and education are challenges in high income countries for support.
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