PUB015-6 Assignment Sample Public Health Intelligence 2023
1. Introduction
The aim of this study is to write a critical appraisal of the research paper “Frailty in Older Adults: Evidence for a Phenotype”. An appropriate appraisal tool is used for this research paper was the CS checklist as the design of this was a cohort study. CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) was used in this research to determine the tool for critical appraisal.
This study has highlighted the validity, method, results, and applicability. Demonstration of understanding and knowledge related to analytical techniques, methods, and tool kits have been done based on health intelligence.
2. Demonstration of understanding and knowledge
Pedagogical tools have been developed by CASP which are used in healthcare education. This tool provides support in the process of decision making related to public health (Águilaet al. 2018). In order to provide appropriate Recommendations to an assessment grade, Evaluation and Development CASP CS tool can be used. This can be done for ensuring the Healthcare student with a grading system that can help them to make decisions based on the evidence.
3. Demonstration of skills and abilities
The research study has focussed on highlighting the issue of frailty among older adults that further increases the risk of adverse health outcomes among the patients. The research study has covered almost all the aspects of the research to address the research objectives. Research skills as stated by Bleiker et al. (2019), highlight the implementation of effective methodologies towards organizing information about the relevant topic.
In the current study, research skills along with data organizational skills can be effectively viewed where valid information in context to study population has been clearly depicted. Furthermore, organization skills have prioritised sequential arrangement of the research content by providing background information, method undertaken for data accumulation and analysis. Results and analysis further provide clear detailed information about the data collected
4. Evaluation of weakness and strength
The study in the context of frailty among the old age population has been conducted by accumulating vital information in context to the research objectives. As opined by Duarte et al. (2019), clear identification of the research objectives at the initial stages serves to be helpful for determining the method to be followed for accumulating data.
The strength of the research, therefore, has successfully delineated the research objectives while clearly providing background information in context to frailty among the older population. Furthermore, detailed information about the sample size and sample population has successfully contributed towards obtaining vital results in context to study objectives.
Research instruments for instance questionnaires were used to accumulate difficulties being faced by older patients suffering from Frailty. However, the study sample included a population who are above 65 years of age. The study does not provide any evidence of whether the obtained results would be relevant in the case of patients below 65 years or not. This highlights the loopholes within the study sample.
5. Critical appraisal
5. a. Validity
The CASP CS tool contains different validity questions which are used for determining if a trial follows the appropriate design. It has been analysed that the trial focused on the Research question clearly for determining if the supervised frailty program can enhance physical function, emotional status, biological markers and social networks of adult frailty (Gottdiener et al. 2001).
This paper has highlighted those different geriatrics interventions were developed for improving the outcome of clinical trials among older adults (Varadhan et al. 2018). However, for operationalization and developing appropriate frailty phenotype among older adults and predicting and concurrent meaning validity this study has used different data based on CHS (Cardiovascular Health Study).
The study has also highlighted that the inclusion criteria of the study were participants of both women and men of 65 years old. An appropriate assessment of the phenotype of the frailty has also been done in the study. The next part is highlighted in the evaluation of validity forecast on assigning participants to the intervention (Rogers et al. 2017).
This research was based on a cohort study that received the evaluation of the identical baseline and 4 and 7 follow-up years respectively with Final examinations and outcome surveillance. The incidents of the outcomes include falls, disability, hospitalization, mortality and disease.
5. b. Methods
The later part of this CS appraisal focused on the methods such as appropriate caregiving process to the groups, blinding as well as particular offered interventions to the group (Gottdieneret al. 2001). The study followed the personal blinded Data Collection process. All the participants of this study were not informed with all the detailed information of this research as this can influence their behaviour.
Outcome blending as a source declines detection bias. As per the view of Duarte et al. (2019), appropriate awareness to the outcome Assessors regarding actual treatment was maintained which may intentionally or unconsciously replace their assessment. Subject characteristics are described appropriately and presented in an appropriate table showing a statistical comparison between participant groups.
In every 10 survival analyses, it has been analysed that three components were positive with frailty and importantly have less survival rate than the two components (Gottdieneret al. 2001). Moreover, no significant difference was observed in the case of cancer. Another significance is observed in the bivariate Association for frailty association and predicting the status of intermediate frailty.
Intermediate groups can also significantly predict appropriate results after accurate adjustment but with less Association strength. As opined by Yang and Chen (2018), The purpose of integration research is to examine the impact of interventions on the result of interest. In the study intervention research was conducted to engender the desirable results for groups and individuals in requirement.
The program was completed in between two weeks having different activities. Moreover, the group was treated with the same exercise intervention (Gottdieneret al. 2001). This study has not mentioned any care program given to the controlled group and no physical training was undertaken (Coelho-Júnior et al. 2018).
This study has also mentioned that different control activities such as instrumental activity, low activity physical activity and leisure time activity were conducted. “Minnesota Leisure Time Activities Questionnaire” was prepared in this research based on physical activities in the prior 2 weeks. It has been seen in the paper that the research issue related to the protection of data of the participants were not addressed by the author.
5. c. Results
Appropriate comparison between different results measures has been done in this study between different groups. The information that was collected in this research included weight loss, physician diagnosis, health habits, and demographics. Emphysema, asthma, renal disease, renal disease details of the population were also taken into consideration.
The result measures of this study have covered the evaluation that was expected for the intervention of older people having frailty (Cesariet al. 2017). In order to represent the results appropriate tables were used in which the p values are represented.
Figure 1: Annual Assessment of Cohort study
(Source: influenced by Gottdiener et al. 2001)
In order to highlight the difference between the frailty phenotype groups appropriate P values were determined based on the rank of the log test. It has also been analysed that appropriate statistics were used in this research to make a comparison between the different groups.
It has been seen that the incidence rate of 4 years was 7.2 % and the rate of trade was higher among the people of African American who have less income and education as well as health facilities. As per the view of (Gottdiener et al. 2001) the financial background of people has a great impact on their health. Thus, this result can be believed.
5. d. Applicability
The outcome of this research is important for the community-dwelling population. It can also be stated that this result is not fit for different evidence as it strictly maintained the inclusion criteria such as the age of the targeted respondents (Coelho-Júnior et al. 2018).
However, the intervention cost is not mentioned in this study which made it challenging to detect whether this can be introduced to this community. This research is important for public health as the frailty phenotype can be observed easily with the help of the methodology of this research.
6. Evidence-based recommendations
The research article in context to frailty among older patients has been critically analysed to understand the research validity and the authenticity of the accumulated data. As stated by Ahmed and Ishtiaq (2021). Study variables serve to be an important criterion for formulating research objectives. However, the lack of variable identification in the present study thus limits the study findings.
The recommendation in context to future research should thereby focus on addressing the study variables that would further be helpful in determining the study objectives. In context to research methodology, in-depth information about the research paradigm is missing.
Thus, it is highly recommended that future studies should address the research approach, design and philosophical approach that is being followed to address the research in context to frailty among older patients (Long et al. 2020). In the current study, research analysis has focussed on standardized interviews and observations were followed to obtain information about patient health. However, conducting surveys would be helpful in obtaining diverse opinions regarding the present study (Mohajan, 2018).
7. Conclusion
The study has performed a critical analysis of the research article based on the frailty among the older patients by highlighting the research background while providing adequate information about the data collection procedures.
Research objectives, study sample, population size and data analysis techniques have been clearly defined in the study thus highlighting the research validity and its practical implementation. However, future studies can further focus on the clear identification of study variables to obtain constructive results.
References
Journals
Ahmed, I. and Ishtiaq, S., 2021. Reliability and Validity: Importance in medical research. methods, 12, pp.13-16.
Bleiker, J., Morgan-Trimmer, S., Knapp, K. and Hopkins, S., 2019. Navigating the maze: Qualitative research methodologies and their philosophical foundations. Radiography, 25, pp.S4-S8.
Cesari, M., Calvani, R. and Marzetti, E., 2017. Frailty in older persons. Clinics in geriatric medicine, 33(3), pp.293-303.
Coelho-Júnior, H.J., Rodrigues, B., Uchida, M. and Marzetti, E., 2018. Low protein intake is associated with frailty in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutrients, 10(9), p.1334.
Gottdiener, J., Seeman, T., Tracy, R., Kop, W.J., Burke, G., McBurnie, M.A. and Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group, 2001. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J GerontolABiol Sci Med Sci, 56(3), p.M146M156Guarente.
Lamore, K., Dubois, T., Rothe, U., Leonardi, M., Girard, I., Manuwald, U., Nazarov, S., Silvaggi, F., Guastafierro, E., Scaratti, C. and Breton, T., 2019. Return to work interventions for cancer survivors: a systematic review and a methodological critique. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(8), p.1343.
Long, H.A., French, D.P. and Brooks, J.M., 2020. Optimising the value of the critical appraisal skills programme (CASP) tool for quality appraisal in qualitative evidence synthesis. Research Methods in Medicine & Health Sciences, 1(1), pp.31-42.
Mohajan, H.K., 2018. Qualitative research methodology in social sciences and related subjects. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 7(1), pp.23-48.
Upadhyay, G.A., Vijayaraman, P., Nayak, H.M., Verma, N., Dandamudi, G., Sharma, P.S., Saleem, M., Mandrola, J., Genovese, D., Oren, J.W. and Subzposh, F.A., 2019. On-treatment comparison between corrective His bundle pacing and biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization: A secondary analysis of the His-SYNC Pilot Trial. Heart Rhythm, 16(12), pp.1797-1807.
Online journals
Águila, E., López-Ortega, M. and Gutiérrez Robledo, L.M., 2018. Non-contributory pension programs and frailty of older adults: Evidence from Mexico. PloS one, 13(11), p.e0206792. (Online). Available at: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0206792 [Accessed on 22nd October 2021]
Duarte, Y.A.D.O., Nunes, D.P., Andrade, F.B.D., Corona, L.P., Brito, T.R.P.D., Santos, J.L.F.D. and Lebrão, M.L., 2019. Frailty in older adults in the city of São Paulo: Prevalence and associated factors. RevistaBrasileira de Epidemiologia, 21, p.e180021. (Online). Available at: https://www.scielosp.org/article/rbepid/2018.v21suppl2/e180021/en/[Accessed on 22nd October 2021]
Rogers, N.T., Marshall, A., Roberts, C.H., Demakakos, P., Steptoe, A. and Scholes, S., 2017. Physical activity and trajectories of frailty among older adults: Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. PloS one, 12(2), p.e0170878. (online). Available at: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0170878[Accessed on 22nd October 2021]
Varadhan, R., Walston, J.D. and Bandeen-Roche, K., 2018. Can physical resilience and frailty in older adults be linked by the study of dynamical systems?. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 66(8), p.1455. (Online). Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc6133741/[Accessed on 22nd October 2021]
Yang, F. and Chen, Q.W., 2018. Evaluation of frailty and influencing factors in old people in hospital institution: Evidence for a phenotype of frailty. Medicine, 97(3). (Online). Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc5779763/[Accessed on 22nd October 2021]
Know more about UniqueSubmission’s other writing services:
