Presentation Assessment Instructions Assignment Sample
Lactose intolerance
Lactose intolerance is a condition found in many people in which the individual fails to digest lactose (sugar) present in dairy products like milk, cheese, butter and others. This happens due to the deficiency of an important enzyme called lactase in the body (Szilagyi and Ishayek, 2018). The lactase enzyme helps in the breakdown of lactose in the simpler forms and eventually helps in its digestion. Symptoms of lactose intolerance may include stomach pain, diarrheal, bloating and other such symptoms. Lactose in tolerance can be present in a patient from birth or it can develop with time due to age or improper diet habits. Lactose intolerance can be handled by changing the food habit like avoiding dairy products or through medications under the supervision of physicians.
Structure and function of mRNA
Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single stranded molecule of RNA. This mRNA consists of a complementary genetic sequence to one of the DNA strands. An mRNA molecule possesses a peculiar structure that includes a single stranded molecule containing pyrimidine and pyridines which are Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G). The molecule contains a 5’ cap, a 3’poly (A) tail and exons. Introns are usually present in immature mRNA molecules which are spliced during transcription. The main function of the mRNA is to carry the coding sequence which will be used in protein synthesis (Mauger et al. 2019). It provides the information to the ribosome about which amino acids are needed in which place in a specific protein molecule.
Enzyme allosteric control for metabolic pathways
Enzymes are protein molecules that act as a catalyst in a biological chemical reaction. Enzymes are highly specific in function and can regulate the reaction through different pathways. Allosteric enzymes are the type of enzyme which contains an additional binding site for the binding of regulatory molecules termed as effectors or inhibitors (Mehrabi et al. 2019). In a metabolic pathway allosteric regulation of enzymes plays an important role in enhancing the rate of reaction. During allosteric regulation an effector or inhibitor binds to the specific regulatory site of the enzyme which in turn brings some conformational changes in the enzyme. This conformational change can either enhance or reduce the activity of an enzyme.
Advantages of Lineweaver-Burk plot
The Lineweaver-Burk plot also known as the double reciprocal plot is a graphical representation of an important equation of enzyme kinetics called Lineweaver-Burk equation. This equation was described by Hans Lineweaver and Dean Burk in the year 1934. This plot has many advantages and it has been used for determining many important terms of enzyme kinetics. With the help of this plot the Vmax and km of an enzyme can be determined. Another benefit of the Lineweaver-Burk plot is that it gives the information whether there is any inhibition taking place in the reaction (Sedighi et al. 2019). It also gives the knowledge about among competitive, non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibitions of enzyme which type of inhibition is taking place.
Protein structure
Proteins can be simply described as large biomolecules containing one or many long chains of amino acid molecules which are joined by peptide bonds. These proteins have specific structures on the basis of amino acid sequences and its arrangement in 3 dimensions. Proteins usually contain 3 different levels of configuration which are primary level, secondary level and tertiary level. In some proteins even quaternary levels of protein structures have been observed (Kandathil et al. 2019). The primary structure is generally the simple sequences of amino acid molecules. Secondary level of protein structure includes patterns of folding of the backbone of protein in a repeated fashion and it has two types, alpha helix and beta sheets. Whereas, tertiary structure of protein refers to the overall folding of the complete polypeptide chain in 3 dimensions. In addition to that, quaternary structures include the formation of protein molecules with more than one polypeptide chain.
Similarities and differences in the gene expression of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Gene expression is a process through which the information present in the DNA gets converted to a functional and end product like protein (Talbert et al. 2019). There are a number of similarities and dissimilarities in the gene expression of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Similarities in the gene expression include the regulation of both the process on transcriptional level, presence of activators and repressors and feedback mechanism in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. On the other hand, dissimilarities in the gene expression is that the transcription and translation occur simultaneously in prokaryotes but in eukaryotes these processes are temporally segregated. In addition to that, both transcription and translation occurs in the cytoplasm of the prokaryotes and in case of eukaryotes only translation occurs in the cytoplasm and transcription takes place in the nucleus. Apart from this, prokaryotic DNA does not form stable and condensed complex forms with histones unlike eukaryotic DNA.
References
Kandathil, S.M., Greener, J.G. and Jones, D.T., 2019. Recent developments in deep learning applied to protein structure prediction. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics, 87(12), pp.1179-1189.
Mauger, D.M., Cabral, B.J., Presnyak, V., Su, S.V., Reid, D.W., Goodman, B., Link, K., Khatwani, N., Reynders, J., Moore, M.J. and McFadyen, I.J., 2019. mRNA structure regulates protein expression through changes in functional half-life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(48), pp.24075-24083.
Mehrabi, P., Di Pietrantonio, C., Kim, T.H., Sljoka, A., Taverner, K., Ing, C., Kruglyak, N., Pomes, R., Pai, E.F. and Prosser, R.S., 2019. Substrate-based allosteric regulation of a homodimeric enzyme. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 141(29), pp.11540-11556.
Sedighi, M., Jalili, H., Darvish, M., Sadeghi, S. and Ranaei-Siadat, S.O., 2019. Enzymatic hydrolysis of microalgae proteins using serine proteases: A study to characterize kinetic parameters. Food chemistry, 284, pp.334-339.
Talbert, P.B., Meers, M.P. and Henikoff, S., 2019. Old cogs, new tricks: the evolution of gene expression in a chromatin context. Nature Reviews Genetics, 20(5), pp.283-297.
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