• Posted on December 18, 2023
• Unique Submission Team

Dissertation Sample on M31868 MA

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Introduction

Entrepreneurship is the dream of the youth in this generation. The first-world countries have immensely supported this culture and have become one of the leads in the economic stability in the world. Even before western countries, China has adapted this strategy to develop a global irreplaceable market for its international business. This technology is much different than the traditional career growth of an individual (Wright, 2017). This variation of the work culture is much different and in a country with rich traditional beliefs like Pakistan, this culture will face many challenges. Even though entrepreneurship is referred to as starting a business most of the young engineers are enthusiastic about this work culture. The prospects of becoming a CEO charm the minds and with the innovative unique ideas of an engineer, this may seem the best scope for anyone with proper skill-set and determination. The research has been done mainly reflecting the work culture of Pakistan. Hence this will be helping to provide vast idea regarding the entrepreneurship concept adapted in Pakistan.

Figure 1: Research Framework

(Source: Self-created in Microsoft Word)

1.2 Background

This initiative looked into the seeming contradiction between both the significant growth in engineering degrees and then a 13 percent unemployment rate across Pakistan engineering graduates. Earning potential has gained considerable attention in current history, because there is still a big question of why certain engineers don’t acquire graduate level jobs right away after graduation. The research interviewed a group of jobless undergraduates to learn about their perspectives and to acquire a greater comprehension of the barriers to entrance into undergraduate engineering jobs. The questionnaire was checked in light of past studies as well as information gleaned through interviews involving engineering companies and employed alumni. The study found that there really is no primary justification for construction graduates’ income inequality, with research takeaways highlighted the significance of understudies’ continuous intervention with career counseling and the finished year application procedures, previous employment, the dividing line seen between MEng and indeed the BEng throughout contractors’ developed with the aim, and academics’ ability to actually communicate their own skills and knowledge. Entrepreneurship is based on the skills and mindset of individuals. The uniqueness and efficiency of the idea determine whether a person is eligible to become a successful entrepreneur or not. Although it may seem that the determination and efficiency alone are sufficient yet this does not include the fact that one of the major support is the required environment for supporting the business. The traditional career steps are mostly adopted by the people due to the environmental pressure of the people. Struggle and failure are one of the major parts of becoming a successful entrepreneur. This is the reason that regular motivation and psychological support are necessary for a person who is willing to become an entrepreneur.

On the verge of the acquaintance’s beliefs related to the environment of entrepreneurship is much complicated and least enthusiastic about this. Entrepreneurship required the proper environment and support. In Pakistan, young engineers are expected to join a secured workplace, mostly governmental to be able to support the family. The economic risks involved in starting a business are much feared. The lack of environment is one of the major decisions for complicating the situation. Although women in Pakistan are suppressed in many ways yet the traditional mindset is changing and people are developing more open-minded concepts for this.

The scarcity of a stable job and the continuous issues related to employers being unable to provide a stable permanent job. This concept is changing too many resources. The government and education department are already aware of this fact they need to prepare the students for a certain and stable future. Although only the business schools are providing education for students to have the concept of starting a business, the engineering students and young engineers have innovative ideas to start a new franchise but they also need to have the basics of business management knowledge as this is one of the necessities for developing the business.

1.3 Research Rationale

The scarcity of stable jobs for an engineer is becoming rarer for Pakistani youth. Regardless of proper education and possessing all the essential skills to be an efficient engineer many of the young generations are unemployed. This term “unemployed” and the comparison puts stress on the young innovative mindset and the Pakistan country is losing many potential aspects and business due to this depressive situation. The innovative ideas require acceptance and they will balance the entire economic system eventually. In addition, this will create a stable relationship with other countries. This scope can also result in Pakistan being able to create a reputation similar to China and become one of the leading suppliers of technology. The entire world is supporting the entrepreneurship culture and most Asian countries are developing a global recognition with this trait. The exploration of present entrepreneurship positions in Pakistan will elaborate on the scopes of future generations to develop a successful entrepreneurship culture for them.

1.4 Research Aim

The main aim of this research is to determine whether Pakistan has the potential to support entrepreneurship culture and can provide an environment that can support entrepreneurs in developing a successful technology-oriented startup. This paper will also analyze the skill requirements and the risks involved in developing entrepreneurship culture. The youths are unable to be a part of the corporate culture and they need another source of income. This paper is specifically directed towards the potential scopes of an engineer to become self-employed and start a business all by themselves. This will increase the employment rate in the country eventually and the famine caused by the lack of well-paying jobs will eventually become the past. This will also clarify the confusion related to the concept of entrepreneurship only being available for business graduates. This research will improvise the significance of entrepreneurship and they can develop their business properly. This paper will also determine the strategic business plan for entrepreneur ventures for engineers along with providing the benefits of the strategic business plan. This will also determine the components of a business plan that has the potential to become successful.

1.5 Research Objectives

The main objectives of this research paper are pointed out below:

• To identify the actual issues in Pakistan, for engineering student’s new start up plans.
• To understand the difference between an engineering student’s business ideas and a financial graduate’s business plans.
• To find out why Pakistani engineering students also focused on entrepreneurship rather than private or government jobs.
• To determine the effectiveness and efficiency of entrepreneurship to the country’s development.
• To promote benefits of self-employment among young engineers from all over Pakistan and provide basics of the business ideas.

 

1.6 Research Questions

The questions that the researchers have wondered for this paper are described below:

RQ1. Are business graduates better entrepreneurs than students of engineering fields?

RQ2. Which growth strategies can be utilized to be an entrepreneur?

RQ3. How financial and technical support of Pakistan impacts the newcomers in the business industry?

RQ4. What is the actual importance of self-employment rather than any job?

RQ5. Does entrepreneurship contribute to the country’s development?

1.7 Research Hypothesis

The positive optimization of determining Pakistan’s potential in developing entrepreneurship for engineers is hidden in the rise of potential clients who will financially and technologically support to meet. the objective.But if the clients are not trustworthy and not supporting in the development, the objective will not be satisfied as per the requirements.Pakistan mostly focuses on their quality for business graduates and this revolves with the engineering student working in a monotonous job profile. Pakistan has started to accept the culture of entrepreneurship and eventually their concept will change towards the technologies in other variations of entrepreneurship. Engineers are not aware of the skills that are necessary for developing a successful entrepreneurship strategy.

Business graduates currently have the coursework for creating a successful business and this is a part of the syllabus. Entrepreneurship is based on financial risks and one need to create a proper financial plan before starting a business. Entrepreneurship will improve the financial position of a country and open new job roles and scopes for the interested candidates.

1.8 Research Significance

Engineer employment is getting increasingly scarce for Pakistani youngsters. Many of today’s young people are unemployed, despite having received a thorough education and holding all of the necessary abilities to be an effective engineer. The incapability of earning and the comparison put a strain on youthful inventive thinking, and the Pakistani country is losing many potential elements and businesses as a result of this gloomy scenario. Innovative ideas demand acceptance, and they will eventually balance the entire economic system. Furthermore, this will develop a solid partnership with other countries. Furthermore, this will establish a solid partnership with other countries. This scope may also enable Pakistan to establish a reputation comparable to China and become one of the main providers of technology. The whole globe supports the entrepreneurship culture, and most Asian countries are gaining global respect for this characteristic. The investigation of current entrepreneurial roles in Pakistan will expand on the opportunities for future generations to establish a thriving entrepreneurship culture. This paper will determine the potential issues of the engineers to become entrepreneurs and they can develop a successful economic business for themselves.

1.9 Summary

This section of the paper has introduced the topic to the readers of this paper. This section has justified the efficiency of conducting this research work along with providing the potential concept of this research work. This paper will provide the aim and analysis of the research work and it will determine the potentials of the research work. The aim of this study is to  help provide a support for the entrepreneurial skill and one can develop a proper understanding to discover the potentials of this research work.

 

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This section of the paper will determine the previous research papers and these would help to provide a background to previous research.This section delivers the potentials conducted by other researchers in order to determine the potential strengths of the Pakistani engineer entrepreneurship skills. One can develop these technologies and skills based on previous research work. The issues and financial position both are discussed in this section. The main aim of this section is to identify the potential issues in the literature that can be implicated. This section will also explain the problems in the literature and it will be useful to determine the potential strategies that are useful for this assessment. This section will provide a base of expert opinion to conduct the secondary study for this paper.  This will help to reduce error input for this file. The theories are also described in this section.

2.2 Empirical Study

2.2.1 Issues of introducing Entrepreneurship culture in Pakistan

In “How Creative Destruction Functions in Corporate Entrepreneurial Process: An Empirical Investigation of Schumpeterian Concept in Engineering Firms Setting in Pakistan ”, Alam  et al. (2021) discussed the potential issues that are discussed in the fact that in case entrepreneurship and destruction the culture has interpreted entrepreneurship culture as “creative destruction”. The researchers have further analyzed this idea and implemented this concept in the “Technical Opportunity” scope for engineers. This paper has implemented corporate entrepreneurship actions that will provide opportunities in marketing orientation. The researchers have used the partial least square for analyzing the structural survey they have conducted of 132 managers. This research work has concluded that market orientation and technical opportunities have a better corporate entrepreneurial scope. This is the reason that the companies should be exploited by engineering firms. In systems engineering businesses, creating valuable opportunities is characterized and limited by market opportunity or technological feasibility. To produce technical opportunities with acceptable market orientation, tech firms must discover market voids via natural sources depreciation of solutions and goods. By suggesting a CE model that incorporates external influences, this work has resurrected a traditional argument over entrepreneurial orientation (Alam  et al. 2021). The issues of engineering firms can be visualized from this researcher’s perspective. Regardless of general people and managers’ opinions, this is highly dependent on the market opportunities.

According to Alam  et al.(2020), in “Role of engineering major in entrepreneurial intentions of engineering students: a case of Pakistan”, the requirement for multidisciplinary engineers who can be an entrepreneur is rising. The researchers have identified the potential of an engineering major to be an entrepreneur. This research work did not consider the fact that engineering majors did not have the potential of becoming proper entrepreneurs after having the entrepreneurial motivation on the fact those entrepreneurial intentions. The authors of the research approach are surveying 342 freshman students from various engineering majors, from 3 universities in Pakistan utilizing a questionnaire with close-ended questions.  The moderating analysis investigates the entrepreneurial capability of several qualified engineers. ANOVA was used to examine the entrepreneurial intentions of various technical majors as well as to determine the influence of entrepreneurship orientation on entrepreneurial intentions.

The function of such engineering students in the shift of entrepreneurial motivations to entrepreneurial intentions is varied. The entrepreneurial intentions of several undergraduates pursuing engineering courses were reported to be significant. Entrepreneurship teaching for young engineering graduates’ aggregate the entrepreneurial intentions. This paper provided a significant point that even engineering students require proper guidance to become successful entrepreneurs and it would significantly increase their capacity.

2.2.2 Current economic position to provide support from the environment

According to research by Gine and Mansuri, 2021, the importance of this factor is discussed in this paper. The entrepreneurs require financial support for their business idea and this is a completely isolated and unique concept from the entrepreneur’s perspective. So they will require both human capital and physical capital for their business idea. The experiment is very unique since this needs to have the basic information of the people. This should create a completely new customer base and all the investors should be able to see this investment as a profitable investment. This factor is considered and named as Microfinance clients. This financial support can help the organization develop a stable client base. In this paper, the researchers identified these factors and they have deduced that these financial issues are the leading reason behind the entrepreneurship issues among young engineers in Pakistan. The training for a business profile of engineers is a fact that most of the people will not be interested; rather they would prefer the business graduates to invest their funding.

The researchers have conducted a secondary analysis and organized Microfinance clients to have the opportunity to be trained in business management and they have organized a loan lottery, in which the owner is expected to gain seven times their proposed loan amount. This business training session has increased the knowledge of business management among these individuals. This has resulted in a positive outcome. Since this was conducted in the rural Pakistan area the business practices improved immensely and this has increased the expenses of each household and it is also almost 82 US Dollars (Gine and Mansuri, 2021). This has increased the people’s perspectives of this factor and they have developed many sections. This training has improved financial decisions among the entrepreneurs and the labor allocation decisions are more effective, although there is a limitation to this experiment.  Since Pakistan is a male-dominated country, by profession and power both, the entire experiment was conducted only with male participants. Although the engineers were able to identify the financial investment strategy yet the extra amount could not be invested properly. This factor can also happen in the case if the present cost is enough to support the business financially at this time of investment. Although this has a positive impact the training was not cost-effective, since the extra investment did not bring any extra profit for the lenders.

2.2.3 Foreign investors

Pakistan’s financial relationship with China is a wide known factor. For many decades, China has indeed been Pakistan’s big shareholder. Meanwhile, Chinese FDI inflows from July to March (FY2020-21) fell to USD 650.8 million from USD 859.3 million over the same time the previous season. Pakistan and also the United States have a Trade plus an Investment-Framework-Agreement (TIFA)” (Kanwal et al. 2019). Pakistan’s financial market is quite tiny, as well as their foreign exchange plus debt positions are unstable. Over the previous two decades, Pakistan’s foreign currency reserves have maintained at much lower than $1.3 billion, corresponding to barely 4-5 months of purchases. Consisting of 1 borrowing has also climbed from 12 percent overall debts in the earlier 1990s to 20% now. These trends highlight the need of drawing FDI entering Pakistan. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a large long-term investment and a component of the financial system. Given the tough circumstances outlined previously, Pakistan’s international capital mobilization policy must prioritize firstly, official multilateral aid; secondly official interpersonal assistance; plus (iii) FDI, considering the countries relatively limited absorbent potential for financial assets. From this case study, the researchers are able to find out which factors are influenced the most to the FDI. Political stability, next is law and order, economic strength and also the government’s economic policies, then the local business atmosphere, government bureaucracy, and lastly the infrastructure, etc. All these have very much impacted the foreign investment in Pakistan.

 

Although there are some researchers who have conducted much research work for foreign investors interested in direct investment in Pakistan. Khan et al. (2018), has conducted similar research. They published a journal, “Inward Foreign Direct Investment: A Case Study of Pakistan”, the researchers analyzed the fact that this factor needs to be analysed from two separate perspectives. This investigation has two different approaches. Assessing the secondary impediments to investment in Pakistan, followed by an examination of the key success factors of the global highest “Foreign Direct Investment” beneficiaries is a crucial thing. Data analysis, including regular and quasi-experimental, are used (Khan et al. 2018). The outcomes of this research give guidelines for the deployment of standard critical success factors to increase inbound “Foreign Direct Investment”. The study analyses the impact of cultural issues in growth countries on shareholder group behaviour, the consequences and relevance of intercultural communication in international economies, and the need for societal change in underdeveloped nations to effectively attract inbound “Foreign Direct Investment”. This article analyses and suggests a solution to organizations investing in climate challenges in Pakistan that are impeding higher “Foreign Direct Investment” volumes. The analysis conducted by this paper has represented a bar graph. The graph shows that during December monthof 2017foreign investors have invested the most in the business.

2.2.4 Entrepreneur theories

Entrepreneur theories are one of the major impacts of the business files are that the market varies over time. This factor is mostly based on the fact that theory and practical implications vary majorly. This needs to be a practical experience. In addition, Business management is one of the leading reasons for the development of the business. The skills of a business graduate are much different than engineering graduates. Regardless of an evolutionary idea marketing is one of the key factors that make entrepreneurship successful are the entrepreneur theories.

According to Lamine  et al.(2020), in “Educating scientists and engineers for technology entrepreneurship in the emerging digital era”, the researchers have discussed this factor that engineers and technologists require attention for learning the application of entrepreneurship theories. This particular problem is critical for bringing Innovation and Engineering Entrepreneurship Courses up to date with the shifting environment caused by breakthroughs in Network telecommunication And Technologies. Six papers address the relationship between these technological solutions and Scientific and Technological Entrepreneurial Intentions (Lamine  et al. 2020). Entrepreneurs, instructors, the financial growth sector, politicians, and educational establishment management and management will find theoretically and empirically insights beneficial in this problem. The importance of this research is vastly known. The utilization of similar theories is one of the leading reasons for the tech giants leading in this world.

According to Farsi  et al.(2018), in “Engineers Who Become Entrepreneurs; How to Study Them through Phenomenology”, the purpose of the transformation of technological business and economic development with the immense software changes are described. The importance of modern innovative firms in sustainable growth and sociological revolution cannot be overstated. Another of the secondary scientific disciplines is the discipline of entrepreneurial skills. It is the analysis of the technologist as even the core of these enterprises (Farsi  et al. 2018). Technologist is described as an expert who starts as well as manages the latest technological firm combined with sophisticated technological manufacture as well as marketing. Implementing a defined technique for studying technologists may be useful not only through building and expanding businessman and entrepreneurship bonds among enterprises, as well as in delivering superior entrepreneurship education to engineers.

The consequence of this paper is that it conducts a comprehensive study of the categorized publications in the Scopus database relating to the use of phenomenology in entrepreneurial strategies. According to the assessment of 78 linked papers, the procedure of using the experiential technique for the investigation of entrepreneurs is expanding. With regard to the topic of how existentialism is used, the findings of the evaluated publications were divided into the following sections: issue definition, transcendental process recruitment, questionnaire design and selecting, information gathering, evaluation, confirmation, and presenting. The secondary analysis of this paper has determined that the major scopes will be present the basics of entrepreneurial theories. This empirical technique for studying technologists is demonstrated by a practical instance of competence for becoming a technologist.

This paper has mentioned that the Universities of Pakistan are concentrating on teaching entrepreneurship skills of individual graduates. The government of Pakistan has realized the issues of employment. They started teaching business graduates with this theory and many of the students have adapted this to develop a successful business. The major issue is that the students with majors in engineering are not having a similar education. This is the reason that the technological startups in Pakistan are failing miserably. The issue is leading to providing proper education and guidance for young engineering graduates. The entrepreneurship theories are expected to have proper impacts on the entrepreneurship mindset and they can develop their skills for multiple aspects. This will also ensure that the Pakistani engineers can begin to advance the country’s economy and develop the country at different stages.

2.2.5 Strategic business plan for entrepreneur venture

Entrepreneurship is a vast concept that sounds intimidating yet it is one of the major functions that require proper expertise and development. The concept “strategic business plan that can support entrepreneurship ventures” is majorly discussed by most researchers. The definition varies with expertise and age along with the experience in the field. For a student, most of the facts are noticed from a theoretical perspective and alongside the business development skills, the major issue is that one needs to predict the market before proceeding with their venture (Tanveer et al. 2021). This is the strategic plan that needs to be adaptive to different scenarios and the plan should initially identify the target base of the organization. This is the main client base and they need to develop their skills for the students. The first stage is to develop their skills as an engineer. This will ensure that the young engineers are prepared for their entrepreneurship model.

Watson and McGowan conducted a study in 2018, for identifying the freshman’s perspectives and models related to entrepreneurship. In “Emergent Perspectives toward the Business Plan among Nascent”, journal researchers have noted down the experiment’s vision. This article investigates how embryonic entrepreneur perceptions of the value of an official business strategic plan vary in between involvement in the start-up tournament. Considering the always difficult issue of creating a strategic plan for aspiring entrepreneurs, one such emphasis is both essential and appropriate. Amid rising critique, significant expenditures are still spent on marketing the strategic plan through educational and start-up assistance services; the worldwide prevalent start-up tournament phenomena is a classic case of such advertising (Ullah et al. 2020). When they first entered the program, the aspiring entrepreneurs had a very favorable attitude about the marketing plan, feeling that all offered credibility and acted as a method of generating explanation. Directly afterward the competition, opinions were much more ambiguous, only with strategic planning seen as subordinate to execution but still an outside requirement. For  6 months the contest was analyzed, the strategic plan was considered as underdeveloped and culturally redundant; a needless element of an execution strategy that was valuable when third stakeholders required it (Watson and McGowan, 2018). The persistent primacy of professional organization plan generation under competitive service is questioned, short residence time significance to the young entrepreneur further than the competitive setting, in this contribution towards the restricted corpus of start-up rivalry studies. The concentration upon corporate strategy inside a challenge does not always necessitate the preparation of a strategic plan; this seems to have ramifications for monopolistic tendencies administrators.

The aim of the paper is to identify the potential issues of the research work by Tipu in 2018, “Business plan competitions in developed and emerging economies: What do we still need to know?”, the business plans competitors’ development in the rising financial situation. This contribution and the outcomes with the facts can identify the research gaps. In spite of the growing prevalence of strategic plan contests, there is no scholarly research on the subject, especially from the perspective of advanced markets. Sixteen of the twenty-two investigations are being undertaken in advanced economies (Tipu, 2018). According to the observations, the research on marketing strategy competitors is mostly focused upon that format of marketing strategy challenges, the features of the remaining countries, and the advantages of strategic planning tournaments. Personalized advantages of internal proposal contests also include associated entrepreneurial abilities, partnerships, and exposure to mentorship. Competitions for strategic planning could be better matched with government policy, emerging market economies. As a consequence, the much more concentrated and coordinated strategy to support strategic plan contests across industry, academics, and administration might possibly also have much influence in developing an innovative community. Though plenty is documented more about the format and advantages of strategic planning contests, there seem to be a  number of research deficiencies that must be filled. The literature was different since the questions researchers were addressing and identifying the objectives and identifying the gaps in the literature.

This case is considered as one of the leading methods to determine the possible issues of the plan and mindset. This also depicts the potentials of the young generation and provides a business plan to develop their business properly.

2.2.6 Entrepreneurship skills in engineers

Entrepreneurship is one of the leading reasons for developing the business in their region. Apart from learning, one should possess the necessary skills to develop their entrepreneur skills and become effective entrepreneurs in the business.

According to Acharya and Chandra, (2019), in “Entrepreneurship Skills Acquisition through Education: Impact of the Nurturance of Knowledge, Skills, and Attitude on New Venture Creation”, the researchers have provided strategies for the acquisition of entrepreneurship skills by education. The entrepreneurial spirit in postsecondary learning has undergone a conceptual change from the traditional education system and the lecture tv show procedure to a contemporary approach focusing on developing areas of expertise, doing some research, skills, attitudinal, and having a favorable effect on the performance of strengths (Yunis et al. 2019). The current article examined innovative activities as a curricular adjustment for the comment program provided somewhere at Entrepreneurial Training Institute of other countries with advanced universities. The research focuses on a strategy with particular attention on building knowledge and skills for entrepreneurship and its impact on cultivating entrepreneurial mindset in engineers (Acharya and Chandra, 2019). The results offer a statistical and conceptual evaluation of the applied educational approach, with engineers selecting a profession in new endeavor development or economic expansion of family-operated firms as a result (Wegner et al. 2019). This study will assist faculty members, research-based educational institutions, aspiring entrepreneurs, environment accomplices, and educators in determining the efficacy of cultivating entrepreneurial spirit and helping to bring about more differences in individual attitudes through the enhancement of competencies and understanding necessary for the implementation and operation of entrepreneurship. This study is unique in that it gives a valid look at a teaching program that refers to the formation and nurturing of core abilities, as well as its influence on participants’ career choices.

The necessity of entrepreneur skills is discussed via diligence and these skills can be acquired by the students in Institution. The main focus is to implement these skills in a practical environment and this is expected to bring profit for the institution and provide a vivid lifestyle and scope for the freshers to develop a department (Zubair and Brzozowski, 2018). The skills will help the individual to develop skills for theoretical application and they can start creating processes for developing their country’s economy.

2.2.7 Importance of the Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is one of the leading reasons for developing the business in their region. Economists define entrepreneurship as a mixture of invention plus taking risks. When certain activity flourishes, significant growth percentages are obtained, as are possibilities for all members of the community, including the impoverished. They provide advantages in terms of development as well as employment. Along with its emphasis on developing collaborative abilities, technical and also analytical expertise, flexibility, resiliency, imagination, empathy, and also the capacity to recognise and take prospects, entrepreneurship (and otherwise intrapreneurship) became an essential part to incorporate into the course of study. In Pakistan, the economic sector employs 80 percent of nonfarm workers, contributes 40 percent to GDP, as well as accounts for 25 percent of the nation’s exporters. This is comparable with the majority of other economies. Entrepreneurship hastens economic development. Entrepreneurs are vital in market economies since they may function as the state’s financial development wheels. They create additional employment by developing new goods as well as services, resulting in an intensification of economic growth. Working for yourself gives higher job stability rather than employment for somebody else’s company since there is reduced danger, more discretion, and bigger benefits. (Not to add that working for oneself provides more career security since you must develop more marketable talents in-order-to achieve. In general, freelancers make 45 percent more than typical employees. They can also deduct some company expenditures that workers cannot, allowing them to retain more about what they earned.

2.2.8 A Case Study of Pakistan: The role of the engineering majors on the engineering students’ entrepreneurship goals

Purpose

The worldwide environmental context has raised the demand for multifunctional entrepreneurial engineers. Although researching the entrepreneurial features of engineers, investigators did not take into account the inherent heterogeneity associated with engineering majors. Overall purpose of this research is to examine the influence of the entrepreneurial-motivation (EM) on the entrepreneurial-intentions (EIs) in order to assess the intrinsic entrepreneurial capability of the engineering majors. It influences most of the entrepreneurial education which has also been investigated in order to provide policy suggestions.

Design/approach/methodology

This study’s methodology is a surveying of almost 342 undergraduate candidates from the 3 major engineering universities in Pakistan utilizing a nearer questionnaire. The moderating analysis investigates the entrepreneurship of several degreed engineers. The ANOVA was used to examine the EIs of various engineering degrees as well as to determine the influence of entrepreneurship training on EIs.

Findings

The function of the technical student in the shift of the EM towards EIs is varied. The EIs of several engineering graduates were found to be high. Entrepreneurial education enhances engineering students’ total EIs.

Practical implications

The study’s findings can help academia, as well as policymakers, involve learners from certain engineering majors who have been recognized as entrepreneurial through further entrepreneurship orientation as well as exposing them to possible start-ups to improve additional value in certain industries.

Originality/value

This is the very first research to look at degreed engineers in order to get insight into their innate potential entrepreneurs. Academic scholars should investigate this inherent entrepreneurship extensively. The study laid the groundwork for future research into institutionalizing entrepreneurial learning for various engineering degrees.

2.3 Literature Gap

The researchers are attempting to obtain information through online articles, books, magazines, and a variety of blog posts, among other sources. As a result, all of the accessible material is centered on the internet teaching-learning activities, and internet job data is quite restricted. When scientists try to build their programs based on public specifications, they run into difficulty. Individual interviews or polls take time and are difficult to persuade people to submit their opinions for the research. This is also biased to the concept of the researchers and that is one of the major issues for this research work.

2.3.1 Literature deficiency

The concept of a young engineer becoming an entrepreneur is very risky. This includes the client base of advanced technological requirements. The people are more concerned about business graduates being engaged in this concept. Most of the pieces of literature have emphasized the quality of a business graduate and developed the skills required for businessmen to increase their profit margin. The general concept of an entrepreneur is mostly on the business and potential ideas. Although one of the major scopes is not discussed in this paper, it is the possession of a unique idea. This skill is a specialty of engineers and they can develop their potentials to increase profit margin and have a partnership with business graduates to develop the business. There is not much information available about an engineer improving management skills to be an entrepreneur.

2.3.2 Irrelevant literature

The subjects based on which the researchers had conducted this research work are rarer. The majority of the papers have discussed providing scope and conducted surveys on this subject. The main problem was that the literature was not limited to the factor that people are not aware of engineering entrepreneurs or which are the issues that are being faced by the engineers becoming an entrepreneur. The lack of technology startups has made the researchers have focussed on the fact that encouraging engineers to become entrepreneurs instead of focusing on the potential issues that might be faced by the young entrepreneurs. Traditional theory braking will be very difficult and complicated and the students need to develop effective skills that can be implemented for making successful entrepreneurs. Not many researchers have discussed the procedure of marketing or capturing the attention of target consumers to continue their business.

2.3.3 Contradictory conclusions

Researchers have conducted relevant experimental studies, others used the data available for experiments.Both the situations are pretty different and some experimental research compared to the questionnaire has a completely different result. The lack of a common point for the previously conducted research is causing many downfalls for the researchers. To rely on one of the secondary research works will make the secondary experiment biased to the single researcher’s point of view. The researchers need to focus on the fact that the research work needs to be conducted from a common ground for the platform. These contradictions in the literature work have made the analysis very complicated and it can be used for achieving a common platform for this research work.

2.3.4 Lack of reliable sources

The available sources are not reliable as this file is based on resources from previous papers that conducted research on this topic. The resources are mostly used from an individual’s perspective and the comparison to an entire environment will be much more complicated. This is one of the major resources that the people need to develop many sectors. The sources are biased and it does not provide a proper point of view related to the economic and environmental situation and they need to develop a major section due to this factor. The education system is also biased for providing entrepreneurial education for engineering students rather than preferring management students. This made the resources that are the issues for this environment not clear.

The major issues in the literature gap are mentioned in these issues for conducting the literature survey are discussed in this paper. The second issue is that the paper requires many flaws to conduct this literature work and desk analysis.

2.4 Conclusion

This section of the paper has described different kinds of literature that are required for completing this study this also includes the survey analysis of the literary work and it will complete the major part of the secondary analysis as this section provides the answer to the analysis of the paper. This also has conducted several secondary studies and it will determine the potentials of the research work for defining the problems in the literature. Readers need to develop their perspective about this and they need to create policies that can provide support for the individual to start their own business. One can also develop their skills based on theories and they can begin their own startups. The main issues and the required skills are discovering their potentials and the startup strategy will also be discussed. This section has provided researchers’ opinions and facts about entrepreneurial skills and strategic planning.

 

Chapter 3: Methodology

3.1 Introduction

This section of the paper will describe the uniqueness of the methods of the experiment. This paper has used secondary analysis. This section of the paper has described the potentials of the research philosophy as well as described the approach of this research work. This study has also described the factor that there are many reasons to determine the fact which methodology will be useful for this paper. The paper will be used for determining the potentials of the research work and which method should be followed for this research. This section has also described the data collection and analysis method for the readers to comprehend the research work properly. This section will be discussing all the possible scopes for the research work and the capacity of this data set. This section will describe the limitations of the methods along with this.

3.2 Research Onion

Figure 2: Research Onion

(Source:www.researchgate.net)

3.3 Research Philosophy

Research philosophy is the concept that shows the phenomenon about the research data gathering and the data analysis and potentials. The three research philosophies are pragmatism, positivism, and post-positivism. Positivism is the concept of serving the knowledge to implement the strategies and validate the options for the research work. Post-positivism philosophy is the constructivist strategy that is focused on the perception of individuals to determine the potentials of the research work. Pragmatism philosophy is an action-based philosophy that can develop the deconstructive philosophical approach.

This research work is based on the pragmatism approach. Since this research work has used various methodologies to determine the potentials of the entrepreneurs and develop a secondary analysis with questionnaire and dataset so this research is a practical as well as active research work. This research has used experimental methods along with desk analysis and this has provided many accurate results for this paper. This experimental method can result in several sections. This research philosophy provides a pragmatic approach for the research and this will help the researchers to have accurate and precise results for the analysis. The use of pragmatic research philosophy is one of the best methods to determine the potential challenges for the research work.

3.4 Research Approach

This research has used a secondary approach. The secondary-method provides a valid and personalized research approach. The major issue was that this was mostly used for creating the platform for the researchers to design the model. The questions are also personalized and they can develop several scopes for this research work. This file has a specific information-related questionnaire and it had conducted a survey that can result in success for the data analysis. This factor can develop several scopes for this specific research work. This includes the approach of identifying the base of this research work and creating a model that can support several factors for this research. The secondary methodology uses both previous researchers’ opinions and they can develop different scopes from the researcher’s perspective. One can develop their skills for analyzing their skills and they can create their structure for the research work. This research approach is mostly based on the research quality and this triangular methodology will be useful for this research work. This research approach will be used for identifying the problems and base of expert opinion to conduct the research work. This research approach will be used by every researcher to determine the potential of any young engineers in Pakistan to start their own business successfully.

3.5 Research Method

This research work has used the approach for secondary methodology. This methodology provides the researcher a scope for developing their skills and they can also improve their quality of work (Khalil  et al. 2020). The researchers will also require creating their own project and they can create an analysis that is personalized for this research work and they can also create a model that can develop their analysis section for creating the module. This methodology initially used the data from the collected journals and articles of authors which can be analyzed in secondary data graph to  create a model for determining their issue. This methodology is one of the most useful strategies that can utilize the positive side of both research and this method will be useful for determining the researcher’s perspective about the analysis section.

 

3.6 Research Design

This research work is an experimental research design. This research work initially uses a secondary data analysis method initially. The negative impacts will also be used for developing their specification and they can create the program model for the analysis purposes of this research work (Yousafzai  et al. 2018). This research has used a triangular design and the researchers are required to develop their analysis for this purpose. The major issue of this research design is that this design uses both methodologies and they can use this method for verifying the research work and the secondary data collection can also be verified by the secondary analysis (Wahyuni  et al. 2021).This model can also develop their skills for conducting the survey. This secondary methodology and triangular research design will help the researchers to gain expertise about the experiment and the secondary analysis will be judged from an expert’s opinion.

3.7 Data Collection

This research work has used secondary data collection method. This research work has used a survey method that can be used for the data analysis and they can develop different sections for this research work. Initially, the data was used for information gathering (Ullah  et al. 2020). This research work has used the strategy for developing the researcher’s perspective about this section. Also, this researcher needs to create a program and they need to create a program for the researcher to create the model for developing the research work properly (Lu  et al. 2020). The secondary data was collected from a close-ended question survey and the researcher also needs to create a model for developing the model purpose and this model will be used to identify the issues and this can result in developing the model for the research work. The secondary data is collected from journals and articles and government websites.

3.8 Data Analysis

The data are collected from two separate sources. The major issue was to correlate the data collected from this article. The research has collected data from  different articles. Most of the data were collected from the research work.  The major issue was that the researcher needs to develop their data for the purpose of the analysis section. Each of the data is analyzed from the perspective of this research (Rashid  et al.  2020). The data analysis was mostly for understanding the graphs and the opinion of general people about this research work. The data of secondary analysis is collected in a graph and the reader can understand the data easily from the table provided. The major advantage of this data analysis method is to determine the issues for this research and one can develop their skills for creating the platform with the proper concept for this research work. Hence this research mainly explains the entrepreneurship potential of engineers all over Pakistan.

3.9 Research Ethics

The major concern of any research work is about the concerns related to data and maintaining the ethics of the research work (Palupi  et al. 2019). This particular research is conducted by the researchers, who studied the data previously, with the help ofone type of data collection method that is secondary method (Palupi  et al. 2019). In the secondary data collection process, the researchers collected data from the internet, reviewed many authors’ books, journals, online articles, previous survey reports, etc. Along with the second method, the researchers are performing the secondary research methods for their better understanding.. Every secondary data is properly cited and no plagiarism is taken part in this research. All the rules and regulations that are set by the university are carefully obeyed by the researcher while they perform their research work.

3.10 Conclusion

In this section, the researchers conclude their understanding of entrepreneurship in the Pakistani environment. This particular research is conducted by the researchers with the help of two types of data collection methods. One is the secondary method and another one is the secondary method. This research has used a triangular design and the researchers are required to develop their analysis for this purpose. This research work has used the methodology for secondary methodology. This methodology provides the researcher a scope for developing their skills and they can also improve their quality of work. This research work is based on the pragmatism approach. This research has used a secondary-method approach. The researchers faced some problems and those are time shortage, expensive instruments for the interviews, and convenience for people to share their experience or ideas about entrepreneurship in Pakistan. All the rules and regulations that are set by the university are carefully obeyed by the researchers while they perform their research work.

 

Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Discussion

4.1 Secondary Data Analysis

The factor that considers secondary data analysis analyzes the data that is solely collected for this purpose. For this research work, the entire participant’s information is compressed and no personal information is collected for research work. The data is secured as this was an anonymous survey and there was no information that can trace back the participants. Secondary research has been by collecting secondary data from various online journals or articles to get a brief idea regarding the work culture of Pakistan. As per several journals or articles there are several countries that support the idea of entrepreneurship after doing engineering. Thus mainly the data has been collected regarding the Pakistani work culture. Different researchers have tried to depict the different perspectives of Pakistan regarding the idea of entrepreneurship after engineering. Thus by collecting and analyzing the data regarding different perspectives of Pakistan an appropriate research outcome can be interpreted.

Family business only 20% (approximately) engineers are having occupations related to technology sectors. This makes the employment rate difficult and most of the engineers are lagging behind various sections. This includes the model’s purpose for developing the youth towards self-employment. Most of the employed candidates are having family businesses (Jamali  et al. 2018). This makes the model precise from a businessman’s point of view. The main advantage of the opinion is that people with a businessman perspective can determine whether the candidate is able to manage a sustainable business from the base or not.

 

Figure 3: Pakistani entrepreneurship graph

(Source: http://www.riazhaq.com/)

According to the “State of Global Hiring Report 2021” released by San Francisco-based Deel, compensation of Pakistanis employed for faraway labour by international companies are among the world’s fastest increasing. The company offers online recruitment and accounting services to businesses who hire overseas government employees. Employment for jobs from remote regions has skyrocketed after the COVID19 outbreak began. The epidemic and recent developments in broadband connections are continuing to globalise the labour market for talent, opening up new chances for workers in poor countries to work virtually for global firms at greater salaries.

Salaries for overseas online hires climbed the quickest in Mexico (57 percent), second by Canada (38 percent), Pakistan (27 percent), and Argentina (21 percent ). Salaries among global employees from India increased by 8%, the Philippines by 7%, and Russia by 4%. The Philippines, India, or Pakistan are now the top three Asian Pacific nations where workers were employed using Deel.

Deel’s partners include over 250 legal, accountancy, communication, and tax specialists. According with industry’s most recent global recruiting report, any firm can design, sign, and deliver compliant localised contracts and pay colleagues in more nearly 120 languages with a single click. It enables independent contractors to withdraw a portion or the entirety of their wages in cryptocurrency, including Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, Dash, and USDC.

 

The Deel study did not specify the actual amounts paid in Pakistan following the 27 percent pay increase. However, according to a worldwide study performed by Payment gateway in 2019, Pakistani women contractors earn $22 per hour, which is 10% more than the $20 per hour earned by males. While Pakistani male entrepreneurs earn the same as the worldwide average, Pakistani female freelancing earn more than the global average. So was the digital electronic commerce allowing women too earn more than males, and it’s also lowering obstacles to women’s labor participation rate in the country. According to the poll, having a postsecondary education somehow doesn’t help you generate more often in the booming gig economy. The survey was carried out in 2015.

An typical Pakistani freelancer earning $34,000 per year working 34 hours per week at $20 per hour earns roughly 6 million Pakistani pounds per year, a considerable fortune for one young Pakistani. Another of the benefits of the internet global labour markets for smart young men and women in poor countries like Pakistan would be this. Freelancing expertise may sometimes lead to software businesses in Pakistan. The year 2021 was a great year for Pakistani IT companies.

Figure 4: Pakistani GDP growth forecasting

(Source: https://www.adb.org/)

The people who were aware of entrepreneurship were able to identify the potential issues of entrepreneurship features (Ali et al. 2019). Many people lack information about entrepreneurship. This shows the opinion from a blank point of view and this factor also challenges the traditional mindset of the people. This is expected to change the perspective of the engineers and improve the mouth-to-mouth validation of the participants.

The engineers who got to know via this interview selected other options and the other engineers decided on this factor based on their previous information. This shows that most of the people heard this concept from public meetings and over TV. This shows that the people are interested in this concept and this model will help the interested investors to be interested in this matter.

Figure 5: Pakistani in IT and Telecommunication

(Source: https://i.dawn.com/)

The above graph conveys the fact that Pakistan has lately experienced significant improvements in the telecommunications sector. The primary goal is to provide maximum advantages to the general public in order to have access to current services and improved service performance as a byproduct of the competitive atmosphere among network providers. Overseas investors also had made direct contributions to the economy, opening up new avenues for investigating and strengthening the internet industry. In this study, we discussed the expanding telecom availability and numbers, development potential inside the sector, new software, and broadband advances in keeping with Pakistan’s evolving telecommunications industry direction.

Most of the people agreed that the engineers should have a scope for developing their unique innovative ideas to a vaster concept that can create the program from an expert’s point of view. Although since most of the candidates were from the young generation this can not be deduced from the fact that there is less expert opinion in this file (Ahmad  et al. 2020). The people need to develop their business and although the business can have expected fame yet the sustainability is in question. Although with a proper customer base it is expected that the people will develop their market and create a sustainable strategy for their business.

The fact regarding the percentages of income present entrepreneurship  is quite controversial and most of the answers were extreme and this made this result an error. Although this factor shows the extreme beliefs and mindset of the people (Agarwal  et al. 2018). This factor has most of the people developing their skills for professionals to create a platform that can support the opinion of the people and it can also help in developing the prospects of this experiment.

Figure 6: Pakistani entrepreneurship implementation

(Source: https://i.dawn.com/)

This shows that most of the people agreed on the fact that entrepreneurship requires knowledge about entrepreneurship. The major issue was that the people require their opinion to be completed about that factor. The average person will need to ensure that education or training is required to ensure that the business is sustainable. This question determines whether people think skills are enough for an entrepreneur to start a business or they require professional guidance.

The main fact is if they do not trust engineers then the market will be unavailable and regardless of any strategy the business will not sustain in the market. Since most of the people have high faith and most of the engineers are going to be the next generation consumers it can be deduced that over time the entrepreneurship culture will become successful. This shows that the environment will be set based on the survey reports.

This raises the benefits of the participant’s opinion about the financial benefits of startups. Most of the engineers agreed that startups cannot develop the economic strength of a country. This fact is the concern for investors’ interest in investing in the business and they can create a platform that will help the researchers to identify the biggest threats of a startup.

As most of the engineers are from the young generation and it is expected that they are not financially independent the candidates will require permission from others to invest. Although most of the people showed interest in this part it cannot be deduced from the fact that they will become the practical investors of these startups.

Since the aim of this project is to develop the business in a widespread manner. The final question is about the expectations of the people from these startups. Since this is a technology-oriented startup this question shows whether people think this can be successful for creating a startup model or not (Cao  et al. 2021). This shows the aim of the project and whether they can sustain the project’s perspectives. Most people think these startups will not be useful and the advancements will not have an immediate impact of any type.

The questions show that although people are interested in the concept of engineer entrepreneurs it will require much advertisement before creating a sustainable business for the people.

4.2 Secondary Data Analysis

4.2.1 SWOT Analysis of the Market for Tech Start-ups

Strength	●      Designers must concentrate on client growth and interactions.     ●      Navigation and finding are simple.   ●      Checkout is fast and simple.   ●      Customized, with full cellular flexibility
Weakness	●      Weak or hidden display adverts ●      Old or bad programme administration design   ●      Design and movement are difficult to understand.   ●      The checkout process is cumbersome and not at all time saving   ●      There is indeed a scarcity of interpersonal relationships.
Opportunities	●      Technical advancements to improve the client interaction   ●      Emerging and underdeveloped industries are arising.   ●      Numerous client segments and market niches have arisen.     ●      Modern construction designs to enhance information transmission   ●      Advertising approaches which are more successful   ●      Constructive changes in social and political issues
Threats	●      The rise of emerging competitors   ●      Opponents who imitate certain features or notions   ●      Consumer needs have shifted.   ●      Dishonest conduct   ●      New laws or regulations   ●      SPAM and unsolicited advertisements, and also false claims   ●      Enhanced browsing programs with flaws in network design

 

Table 1: SWOT Analysis Table

(Source: Self-created in Microsoft word)

4.2.2 PESTLE Analysis of the Market for Tech Start-ups

The purpose of this building component is to demonstrate the importance of PESTEL analysis as a critical component in the operation of either a tech firm. It recommends utilising PESTEL analysis as a tool to examine company structure for startup firms or professional engineers, with an emphasis with one of the most common challenges encountered by technological startups while doing a PESTEL review.

The secondary goal of the research is to provide an assessment of the current situation, identify learning and development needs, and make recommendations for the new business in order to boost competitiveness. Throughout the context of the PESTEL study targeting new firms, the statement would make theory and practice advances. PESTEL analysis may be utilised in strategy execution, promotional tactics, new product/service development, and research (Vasileva, 2018). As a result, PESTEL research examines political, economical, social, technological, environment, or constitutional issues in order to analyse the surroundings. PESTEL analysis is considered as a fundamental basis for assessing considerations, particularly in the corporate setting, and working to ensure relevant data, allowing organisations within the analysed atmosphere to estimate the difficulty in adapting to the changing conditions while instead developing comparative advantages. The following secondary atmospheric dimensions have already been investigated:

Political factors – Local, regional, and worldwide governments always have an impact on another industry in terms market. Economic sanctions, new monetary policies, or health regulations, for example, could all have an influence on a company’s operational income potential. This component would economic opportunities climate from a certain industry or firm. Identifying the current environment is crucial for any startup industry’s first perception of a sustainable technological product launch.

Economic factors – Economically, the impact on the firm should be determined by the kind of financing provided by commercial banks, borrowing rates in certain countries, currency exchange, quality faults, rate of inflation, pricing, and labour and material quality. The overall mass transit system, such as the availability and proximity of highways, the accessibility and efficacy of ports, airports, and railway facilities, and so on, appears to have a significant influence in this sector. Economic growth is commonly regarded as an economic argument, while in certain cases it is also perceived as a sociocultural issue.

Social factors – In contradiction towards the political world, economic issues have a direct influence on the application reference operation and the long-term ramifications that may follow. This might manifest itself in a multitude of ways. If inflation increases, for example, the price of the investment rises as well. It also has everything to do with when frequently household energy clients place their trust in a new company. If anything is jeopardised, the business may be ruined. Borrowing rates, customer shopping patterns, and, in particular, currency fluctuations are all significant economic factors. This should not be overlooked.

Technological factors – This industry is especially significant in today’s highly competitive marketplace, which is characterised by widespread use and affordability of IT products. In Pakistan, businesses are not attracting significant attention or financing, particularly those created by engineers, because the majority of Pakistan’s marketplace is occupied by China, and has several technology startups. As a result, no well-known corporation or stakeholder is interested in this. In order to do so, technological considerations must be considered.

The digital workplace, perhaps the most integral constituent for engineering operations, helps engineers determine where a creative concept fits in the framework of the atmosphere. Factors’ availability, existence, authenticity, and progression are all taken into account. Improvements in technology have always had an impact on company operations, specifically for startup. Smart machines, automation, simulation, building construction, renewable electricity execution, unique electronic gadgets, and technical research may all revolutionise a company’s potential. Developing a grasp among those competitive landscape also gives engineers a competitive advantage. Consider whether technologies are used on a regular basis to gain an understanding of how they could effect a development task in any structural engineering.

As an application developer, for illustration, what could be more important than doing a PESTLE assessment of technological elements. Taking into account what is now available, such as multimedia tools, High speed internet, and mechanisation, allows developers to choose better tools for the next line of malware. This shortens the software’s development time and increases client interest. The gadget will perform quicker if the internet connection is faster. Because production and distribution activities is greatly reliant on network, the programme would be the quickest internet and the instant results will increase the software’s effectiveness.

Ecological factors – The most important environmental factors are: the human viewpoint on mineral riches; diversifying; raw reuse of waste materials; and the administration and elimination of atmospheric, ground, and groundwater pollution. Corporate governance interactions with each other and (fair exchange), including such customer or personnel equal treatment under the law, and so on.

Legal factors – Legislation, governmental authority, laws, norms, standards, labour control, and suitable pay are all frequent legal aspects to consider (foreign investment).

4.2.3 Guidelines for starting a small business

Engineers are some of the best artists and Pakistan is home to many innovative and talented engineers. Pakistan at present has enough raw materials to support the business along with providing valid scopes for them.

In Pakistan, around 3 million Small to Medium Enterprises are present now. Minor and intermediate firms (SMEs) are responsible for around 30% of such nation’s GDP. Nevertheless, these tiny enterprises encounter a variety of problems. They are having difficulty obtaining credit facilities, as well as dealing with business conflicts and taxes concerns. In addition, numerous Pakistani entrepreneurs lack access to critical professional courses. Because of these different challenges, typically SMEs would never recruit over 5 individuals.

In spite of these obstacles, professionals with the correct talents, investment opportunities, and expertise may be accomplished entrepreneurs from Pakistan. The article points out the vivid opportunities for them.

1. First of all the engineers should set their goals and objectives.
2. They have to ensure that they are providing good service and products.
3. Whether they want to employ others or solely on the business?
4. Do they have the financial position and can have the capital for their business?
5. Do they need to select a business name and register the business name within the domain?
6. Getting EIN
7. Whether they can obtain required Business Permits and required licenses for this business model?
8. One needs to pay for all the taxes including the state tax importation and exportation tax?
9. Whether they can get their business insured?

4.3 Discussion of the Analysis

4.3.1 Market opportunities

This analysis shows the market opportunity for this technology-oriented startup is much less. This can be due to the fact that many people are unaware of this concept and most doubt the ability to be able to sustain something as important as the market opportunity scope. The main issue is that people will require different sections of the engineers to develop skills based on the public interest and create advertisement strategies for the people. This will also develop the market for the people and the business development will be done based on the perspectives of the people.

4.3.2 Global platform

The global platform is one of the major scopes for any business. The global platform develops the business strategy and one can begin different skills for the project and one can create their market base. This will ensure whether a business is sustainable and whether one can create a platform for a successful business. There are many aspects of a global business but at present Pakistan cannot support entrepreneurship models.

4.3.3 Scope for Engineering Students

Although the focus of the research is unrelated to entrepreneurship, engineering degree holders should be able to produce a viable company proposal. They may accomplish this through a variety of means, including attitude, creativity, mass media, exhibits, $ shows, and consumers. Before choosing the area of the company to start, graduates would understand the quality of a great productive firm. These features include the firm being readily managed, providing a decent return on that investment, while having the capacity to develop and develop through specialization. They are indeed conscious of the importance of possessing a sound company strategy.

4.4 Research Limitation

This research has used both analysis methods. This made the research limited to the perspective of the researcher. This will also help the researcher to determine the potential issues of both methodologies and reduce the limitations of this research work. The major issue is that the researchers need to create a plan that can solve the error generated in each step. The researcher has performed two data collection processes. While they try to collect data from secondary source means from their surveys and personal interviews. The researchers faced some problems and those are time shortage, expensive instruments for the interviews, and convenience for people to share their experience or ideas about entrepreneurship in Pakistan(Ahmad  et al. 2018). Secondary research needs lots of responses but at a certain time, which much responses collection is quite difficult for the researchers. The second most problematic situation is time management because secondary research requires a huge amount of time for data collection and analysis. So the researchers do not adjust their specified time for research completion. If the research is not going according to the researcher’s plan then the researchers are distracted from their research topic and the research delayed. The main aim of this research is not achieved by the researchers. The next limitation is the money. If the researcher’s budget does not fulfill all their requirements then the research work is compromised and the ultimate result of the research is not that good. These are the main research limitations that are faced by the researchers while they are performing their research work.

 

 

Chapter 5: Conclusion

5.1 Introduction

In this section, the whole analysis, and understanding are concluded by the researchers. This research is based on entrepreneurship in the Pakistani environment. Entrepreneurship is a concept of business. Today, most people want to become an entrepreneur. The report says that engineers are today very attracted towards the business rather than their core field-related jobs. In Pakistan also many engineers are now trying to become entrepreneurs because in Pakistan job availability is decreasing. The business helps the youth to be independent rather than jobless people. Pakistani engineers want to start their own business but they are not able to get any investors, not even any other person or government think about these youth, who are completed their university study but are without a job. The researchers are trying to figure out what types of problems or threats are faced by the Pakistani engineers who want to start their own business in Pakistan.

5.2 Linking with objectives

The researchers are finding out some objectives which are very important for this research. The researchers want to determine the potentials of Pakistan supporting entrepreneurship for engineers along with financial support and technological advancements of the potential clients. The environment of Pakistan for entrepreneurship is not good. The engineers do not get any support from the government or from anyone else. Business requires lots of investments but the students who have just completed their academic course how they arrange the investment money. This is a very big problem for Pakistani entrepreneurs. Investors are not easily available there so the engineers who try to start their own start-up are not able to do that. The next objective is the researchers want to specify the effectiveness of the entrepreneurial theories for starting a technological start-up along with the culture supporting the environment of potential proper candidates.

Entrepreneur theories are one of the major impacts of the business files are that the market varies over time. This factor is mostly based on the fact that theory and practical implications vary majorly. This needs to be a practical experience. In addition, Business management is one of the leading reasons for the development of the business. The skills of a business graduate are much different than engineering graduates. Regardless of an evolutionary idea marketing is one of the key factors that make entrepreneurship successful are the entrepreneur theories. The entrepreneurship-related theories are very effective and the researchers are able to conclude that these theories help any student to become a successful entrepreneur. Next, the researchers want to promote the benefits of self-employment among young engineers and provide the basics of business ideas. The incapability of earning and the comparison put a strain on youthful inventive thinking, and the Pakistani country is losing many potential elements and businesses as a result of this gloomy scenario. Self-employment is now the best option rather than depending on others. Students who have completed their course have many responsibilities but in Pakistan job availability is absent. So the students feel frustrated by this situation. Self-employment has lots of benefits and the researchers successfully discussed that in the previous chapters. The last objective is to clarify the concepts of entrepreneurial ventures and the misconception that only business graduates can be successful entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship ventures vary from field to field and based on age. Hence for a student, most of the facts are noticed from a theoretical perspective and alongside the business development skills, the major issue is that one needs to predict the market before proceeding with their venture.

5.3 Recommendations

The researchers find out some issues or drawbacks while they perform their research work. All those issues may be resolved if other approaches are applied by the Pakistani entrepreneur. Some recommendations are provided from the researchers’ end, those are discussed below.

The biggest problem in entrepreneurship is partnership issues, so if the Pakistani entrepreneurs avoid 50%-50% partnership then maybe be able to establish a proper business, the next issue is a business-related risk. If the entrepreneurs are able to manage their minds to think positively and more focused on the solutions not at risk then maybe the fresher’s or the beginners who just started their business gain confidence from those risks. The backup amount is very essential in the business so if any entrepreneur does not have enough backup amounts then may he or she face a problem.

Theories are important for engineers because they belong from a different field than business students. So if engineers deeply analyze all those theories and strictly follow those theories for their good. Investment issues are one of the common problems in business and in Pakistan; the entrepreneurs are not able to arrange some trustworthy person for the partnership. So if all the entrepreneurs very carefully sign any agreement then maybe trust-related issues are controlled. So if the entrepreneurs have a clear idea about his or her requirement for a successful business then they must achieve their target otherwise confusion never helps them. Rather than these if the entrepreneurs have faith in their own effort then they are able to achieve their all desires. Next is creativity which never fails any person to achieve their goals means creativity is the best approach for entrepreneurs to get their achievement easily. Innovation always helps people to create a new history in the business world. Encouragement from the environment, so if the government of Pakistan thinks about the entrepreneurs then they may gain more confidence in this business field. If the government of Pakistan supports them then more students will think of some creative ideas for their business. Self-employment is much better than job dependency. [Referred to Appendix 1]

5.4 Future Scope

Entrepreneurship is the next best evaluation in the economy. This has lots of scope in the future. Innovative ideas demand acceptance, and they will eventually balance the entire economic system. Furthermore, this will develop a solid partnership with other countries. Furthermore, this will establish a solid partnership with other countries. This scope may also enable Pakistan to establish a reputation comparable to China and become one of the main providers of technology. Next to the future scope is that entrepreneurship is a new idea in enterprises. This has no limit in the capacity criteria. Entrepreneurship has the ability to stimulate the economy. Entrepreneurship has the ability to enable great-societal changes. Entrepreneurship fulfills the requirements of the revenue which is generated from the entrepreneurs. The next future scope is new job vacancies are generated by the new business which is created by the entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurs help the community to develop them and also they help the society to think innovatively. Entrepreneurs set an example to the next generations that if they are confident on their own then they can achieve anything in the world. Many reports show that entrepreneurship is increasing day by day. Like in the year 2015 a report says that 27 million working-age people of America recently started a new business. Almost 14 % of new business is created in the market. According to the Global-Entrepreneurship Monitor, United States, entrepreneurs assume that they may have more employees in the coming years.

 

Entrepreneurship nowadays receives a lot of support from all over the world. The new generations are more attracted towards their own establishment rather than private jobs. In Pakistan, job facilities are reducing day by day but the education or better say the graduate person’s percentage is rapidly increasing. So today’s entrepreneurs are helping the next generations to think independently and establish their own wisdom. Today’s one of the biggest problems for employees is their job satisfaction. But in entrepreneurship, every person chooses their recommended field for their work. Job satisfaction is properly present in this field and this helps others to have a job. The Pakistani environment is fully changed if their entrepreneurship percentage is increased. Next is the salary where other fields have limited salary packages but in entrepreneurship, the field has no limitation or foundation on salary. Several surveys show that the salary of an entrepreneur increases per year.

5.5 Conclusion

In this section, the whole chapter is concluded. The researchers deeply discuss all the objectives and their relevant analysis. Some issues are identified and those issues regarding recommendations are also provided by them. Like, avoid 50%-50% partnership, Encouragement from the environment, Backup amount, creative business plan, self-confidence, etc. The entrepreneurs require financial support for their business idea and this is a completely isolated and unique concept from the entrepreneur’s perspective. So they will require both human capital and physical capital for their business idea. If financial and physical support is obtained then every entrepreneur is able to dream big and try to fulfill those dreams. The researchers applied both secondary and secondary research for their data collection. The result and all the findings are deeply discussed by the researchers. The required graph and all result-related tables are mentioned in the above chapter.

 

 

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