7050SOH Healthcare Assignment Sample 2024
1. Four globalization factors that prevalence tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a leading infectious disease that contributes to the mortality rate globally at a rate of 1.5 million people annually. This disease is spread from person to person based on microscopic droplets released from the air by multiple activities like speaking, sneezing, laughing and inhale-exhale. According to the view of Deshmukh et al. (2018), the macro droplet including TB bacteria have a direct effect on the lungs and immune system within individuals and result in serious health issues that require medical attention.
Survey results of 2018 by the World Health Organisation stated that approximately 23% of the world population is suffering from tuberculosis (Chowdhury et al. 2018). The four potential globalisation factors of tuberculosis are social factors, environmental factors, medical history and family history. These factors have played a significant role in increasing global cases of tuberculosis for decades.
Annually 1.5 million lives are lost due to improper treatment and misuse of anti TB drugs by people. As argued by Gebreweld et al. (2018), the development of TB prevalence is necessary for understanding the circumstances and possibilities of increasing cases in order to develop medical solutions for needy people.
1.1 Social factor
The social-economic area of the society is a potential factor of tuberculosis on a global basis that contributes to increasing annual cases of patient and death rate. As per the view of Abel et al. (2018), the major elements of socio-economic factors that contribute to the rising patient of tuberculosis are living conditions, tobacco and alcohol abuse and poverty.
Poor living conditions including unhygienic surroundings, unhealthy diet and lack of physical activities are major contributors to the increasing prevalence of tuberculosis globally. According to the view of Kumar Nathella and Babu (2017), regular contact with bacteria and viruses due to lack of cleanliness and poor living style reduce immune system functions in individuals and result in the development of tuberculosis symptoms.
Poor living conditions due to changing macro-environmental aspects such as consumption of food grown based on chemicals and fertilizers also affects the health and fitness of individuals and increase the probability of being affected by tuberculosis (Workneh et al. 2017).
People who abuse tobacco and alcohol also end up suffering from tuberculosis. A regular habit of smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol is a major prevalence of tuberculosis. In addition, regular consumption of alcohol reduces the chances of tuberculosis by 35% as compared to normal alcohol users (Apriani et al. 2019).
However, the use of alcohol by people during social gatherings including parties, wedding ceremonies and other activities is a major global contributor to increasing tuberculosis patients. Health Promotion regarding the contribution of alcohol and tobacco use in increasing possibilities of being affected by tuberculosis is necessary for bringing change in the social circumstances of global people to reduce disease burden and motivate them towards a healthy lifestyle (Walker et al. 2018).
The existence of property is another potential social factor that is an important contributor to increasing tuberculosis cases on a global basis. According to the view of Walker et al. (2018), economically viable and poor people’s have greater rates of infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The major reasons for higher possibilities of TB due to poverty are malnutrition, overcrowding, undercurrent diseases including AIDS, HIV, and migration from place to place. Another major social element that contributes to the prevalence of tuberculosis is the occupation of individuals.
As per the view of Weiner et al. (2018), health workers who are engaged with providing treatments and taking care of patients suffering from tuberculosis also have higher possibilities of being infected by contact with TB germs and bacteria. The transformation of germs through the air and other means causes suffering of medical professionals from diseases like tuberculosis at a great rate.
According to the view of Walker et al. (2018), taking appropriate precaution and preventive measures is highly necessary for reducing occupational health of Healthcare professionals from being infected by TB.
Another potential social area that determines tuberculosis is the general relationship with certain caste and indigenous populations. For example, indigenous groups of sub-Saharan Africa mostly suffer from TB due to their lifestyle.
As per the view of Weiner et al. (2018), minimal education is an important factor that results in an increased probability of TB due to lack of diet, hygiene and fitness knowledge. Unemployment and low-income options lead people towards adaptation of their habitat in fruit becoming alcohol and tobacco abuse.
Therefore, social determinants such as unemployment and low income also contribute to the rising global rate of tuberculosis cases (Mehari et al. 2019).
1.2 Environmental factor
Environmental aspects on a global basis vary from place to place depending on population, climate, geographical features and cultural elements. According to the view of Apriani et al. (2019), environmental factors that contribute to increasing cases of tuberculosis are indoor air pollution, outdoor pollution and population distribution.
Deteriorating indoor air quality by the use of electronics and weak ventilation systems contribute to causing symptoms of tuberculosis among the global population. As per the view of Weiner et al. (2018), poor indoor air quality increases breathing problems including asthma at the initial stage and increases possibilities of tuberculosis symptoms.
Another potential environmental factor contributing to increasing symptoms of TB is population distribution. In the words of Apriani et al. (2019), the distribution of populations in different countries and areas are different and the area has a population density of more than 1000 persons per square kilometre due to poverty and economic crisis increase TB cases.
Overpopulation reduces space for breathing and living freely of people and it results in the sharing of infectious diseases by transport from the respiratory system. Sharing of oxygen with infected people has higher possibilities of transformation of germs and results in physical illness.
As per the view of Weiner et al. (2018), outdoor air quality that includes toxic gases and particles of tobacco is also an important environmental factor that contributes to increasing global cases of TB. Deteriorating air quality due to different industrial and business activities along with transportation plays a significant role in creating health threats.
1.3 Medical history
The medical history of people that have suffered from diabetes, lungs and kidney problems has a high possibility of being associated with TB. As per the view of Weiner et al. (2018), due to these medical conditions, the immune system and respiratory system of individuals become weak and it provides opportunities for TB attacks. Bacteria carrying TB initially attack the lungs and result in infecting the kidney, brains and spines.
Medical history increased vulnerability amongst people infected by tuberculosis. Apart from diabetes, HIV infections are also a cause of increasing cases on a global basis. According to the view of Kumar Nathella and Babu (2017), HIV viruses completely destroy the immune system of individuals and affect the respiratory system from proper functioning.
Ignorance of symptoms by people for a long period, which is associated with tuberculosis, is a potential cause that contributes to increasing global cases. People with low financial capability live in slums and rural areas often ignore the initial symptoms of the disease and resulting in death.
Potential medical problems that contribute to creating problems by being resistant towards successful recovery from tuberculosis are misuse or mismanagement of anti TB drugs. Most of the patients do not complete a course of treatment by avoiding taking regular medicines and result in failure in full recovery of lungs and kidney research being affected by TB bacteria.
According to the view of Abel et al. (2018), wrongful treatment due to incompetence and confusion in the diagnosis process is also a potential medical threat that contributes to the increasing prevalence of tuberculosis globally.
The use of multiple drug resistance for tuberculosis is also a potential medical threat that is globally observed and contributes to increasing patient populations and disease burden. According to the view of Kumar Nathella and Babu (2017), utilization of multiple drugs such as Isoniazid (INH) and Rifampin (RIF) by consulting with multiple doctors for early recovery also causes problems for patient fitness and wellness.
1.4 Family history
Family history of having tuberculosis is another potential factor that contributes to increasing global cases. Genetic transformation of the process is highly possible by sharing the same social environment in homes and family gatherings. The possibility of affecting the next generation of tuberculosis patients is high and it requires medical attention and appropriate measures for prevention.
Improvement in lifestyle by adopting a healthy diet, avoiding alcohol and tobacco along taking preventive measures is highly necessary for protecting family transmission (Abel et al. 2018).
Studies by various WHO research on TB stated that the possibilities of running this disease within the family are highly possible by sharing the same genes and similar interior environment. The existence of chronic smoker weed in the family creates threats of TB for all the family members based on the secondary smoking process.
As argued by Abel et al. (2018), the mixing of tobacco smoke with indoor air reaches the lungs of non-smoking people within the family by the respiratory system and results in suffering from the disease.
2. Identification and description of role of four agencies
2.1 Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
CDC follows ‘Comprehensive TB Elimination Act, 42 USC 247b-6’ with the help of ‘Federal Tuberculosis Task Force’ for combating as well as eliminating the vulnerability of tuberculosis. CDC is the national disease control and prevention agency in United States (US) that is associated to develop planning for reducing viability of any communicable and non-communicable disease.
In US, near about 2.7 tuberculosis cases are reported among 100,000 persons and this is really a major burden for the country (Cdc.gov, 2021). CDC takes three major measures such as prompt determination of disease, taking airborne precautions and giving treatment for suspected or confirmed patients to control vulnerability.
CDC proposes administrative measures like development of tuberculosis infection control plan, assuring the impact of endoscopy, giving proper training for medical personnel and co-ordinating local and national government to minimise disease prevalence. Other than this, CDC related with removing of contaminated air from cities and development of local ventilation system proposes proposal for environmental control.
Additionally, controlling of airflow and use of ‘high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration’ for germicidal irradiation is suggested (Cdc.gov, 2021). Moreover, the organisation has recommended using personal protective equipment for controlling the exposure of infection through hygiene maintenance and expelled of contaminated air.
2.2 World Health Organisation (WHO)
Clinical as well as programmatic management of tuberculosis is the major concern of World Health Organisation (WHO) and this organisation has supported countries to build reliable and resilient program. This international organisation of disease management has focused on community settings and development of households for reducing the prevalence of tuberculosis in low and middle-income countries.
Globally, about 10 million people are affected by tuberculosis in last year and it was quite difficult to reduce this burden. WHO recommends to use BCG vaccine within age 15 for 80% effective prevention of tuberculosis from the very small age (Who.int, 2021). Early diagnosis can be another option suggested by WHO that can be effective to control cross-infection of tuberculosis and probability of disease occurrence can be controlled.
Door-to-door survey is another control measure proposed by World Health Organisation to find the prevalent cases of tuberculosis all across the globe. In this regards, communication with patients can be helpful to reduce symptoms through contact tracing (Who.int, 2021).
More association of volunteers and healthcare workers with common people can be helpful to ensure better management process of the mentioned disease. Other than this, good ventilation system is a suitable aspect considered for tuberculosis prevention and this simple precaution can be helpful. Moreover, by proposing healthy immune system, 60% of the adult global population can able to get recovery from tuberculosis with reduction of disease complexity (Who.int, 2021).
2.3 National Health Service (NHS)
National Health Service (NHS) is a publicly funded organisation of UK that is associated to provide better disease recovery service for the people living in England and surroundings. In UK, 7.7 tuberculosis cases are reported among 100,000 persons and this is really a major burden for the country (Nhs.uk, 2021). As per the NHS, taking of antimicrobial agent for several months is the prime strategy to treat the disease potentially.
Pulmonary tuberculosis can be prevented by taking isoniazid and rifampicin for next 6 months and this length of treatment is effective for disease control. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis is quite chronic and this can be prevented by taking corticosteroid for several weeks just for swelling recovery purpose.
There is no proper management scheme proposed for Multi-drug Resistant tuberculosis by National Health Service of UK. However, consumption of standard antibiotic between 9 months and 24 months is effective for favourable change in infection (Nhs.uk, 2021). In case of latent tuberculosis, optional chemotherapy is a suitable way for infection control. Other than medicinal control, careful measures during sneezing and coughing as well as supply of fresh air can be effective to control viability of tuberculosis.
2.4 Government of India
Tuberculosis is a major problem for India, this has caused about 220,000 deaths per year, and elimination of this viability can be considered as prime necessity. Indian government has taken measures by developing ‘National TB Elimination Program’ and the government agency has plan to reduce the disease burden within 2025 (Tbcindia.gov.in, 2021).
Lack of diagnosis and poor treatment process is the major cause of tuberculosis all across the country. Other than this, majority of the people living in below poverty level has poor household condition and transmission of disease is therefore quick. In order to prevent the tuberculosis viability in India, Isoniazid preventive therapy is proposed by government agency for controlling the spread of disease.
Address of social determinants is a major concern developed by Indian government that in turn can be helpful to scale up airborne infection and treatment of bacteriological infection can be possible. Translation of high-level political commitment is offered by Indian government through National TB Policy and Act to increase surveillance rate (Tbcindia.gov.in, 2021). Indian government develops supervisory charade with staff training network assurance after considering epidemiological situation locally and nationally.
3. Challenges faced by the agencies
3.1 Challenges faced by Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Foreign borne strain
CDC has faced challenges in case of rules and regulations implementations in US as majority of the foreign borne infections occur for this country. As investigated by Cronin et al. (2020), prevalence of tuberculosis in US has enhanced due to foreign strain and such strains are not controlled through national measures. Therefore, viability of infection is the highest in rate and stability of CDC framework for infection control is under question mark majority of the times.
Excessive contract of people
CDC has faced constraints regarding the tuberculosis prevention program as majority of the people living in US are contracted with each other without using personal protective equipment. Exposure of particle from one person to another through coughing and sneezing is greater and due to this fact, regulations are not applied properly (Sterling et al. 2020). CDC is unable to reduce this fact and this is a major cause for lack of prevention of disease.
Detection delay in pulmonary tuberculosis
Population affected by tuberculosis in US has high prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and detection of this is quite difficult. In the words of Cronin et al. (2020), poor identification of disease is responsible for lack of control within time and assurance of treatment cannot be possible. Therefore, CDC rule is not effective for long-term tuberculosis and patients have complained for such incontinences in framework.
3.2 Challenges faced by World Health Organisation (WHO)
Low case detection
WHO (World Health Organisation) has faced major challenges regarding their tuberculosis prevention program, as majority of the patients are not detected yet regarding viability of issue. This problem is majorly identified during door-to-door survey, as most of the people are not aware about the disease as well as its consequences.
This is quite challenging for the global health organisation to develop awareness for all the target population throughout the globe as this is time consuming and high cost is required (Migliori et al. 2019). Proper assurance of epidemic perspective of tuberculosis has provided strain for WHO (World Health Organisation) to introduce their strategy in global environment.
Inadequate treatment
All the people living throughout the globe are facing inadequate treatment because of poor infrastructure and incompatible technological background. In case of the policy implementation, the international health service has faced constraints because of different types of healthcare set-up in various countries (World Health Organisation, 2018).
Problems occur regarding delivery of proper treatment to all by an ineffective process and this has to be prevented with high potency. Due to this factor, proper treatment process cannot be possible, this is not a suitable scheme for strategy equity measurement, and proper management of disease has been hampered.
Gaps in funding
World Health Organisation has faced consequences related with strategy incorporation due funding gap as the low and middle-income countries have no such cost affordability to reframe the health service. Besides that, the developed countries have faced funding gap as majority of the healthcare service is publicly funded and people may not allow spending extra money in the form of taxes (Migliori et al. 2019).
Lack of balance between high funding level and low funding level is a major challenge faced by the mentioned agency while implementing the new rule. As a result, proper healthcare provision for affected people is not possible because of funding inconsequence.
Limited integration
Critical challenges in tuberculosis policy implementation faced by World Health Organisation due to limited integration of service and its implementation process. In order to measure the criteria of World Health Organisation (2018), information reveals that there are discontinuities between primary and secondary service throughout the globe related with health consequences prevention.
In some cases, patient communities have not allowed to share their complications with clinicians and this is another burden as lack of communication ensures brutal effect to get recovery from disease. Other than this, public and private strategies of tuberculosis prevention are quite different and for this case, deliverance of proper healthcare to tuberculosis-affected people is not possible.
3.3 Challenges faced by National Health Service (NHS)
High viability of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis
Countries in European regions have high viability of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis and this category of disease is not preventive. In order to set the policies related with tuberculosis, it is quite difficult for the NHS to develop the disease prevention category for the mentioned type of tuberculosis.
As a result, people suffering by this category are unable to get proper treatment, this is a major reason for constant death of the public, and burden of death is increasing constantly. Sufferers have major question regarding this perspective and authenticity of national healthcare service has hampered due to this (Ratnaraja et al. 2021).
No centralisation
NHS is prone to concern only for the government service and no such local services are allowed to make decision regarding disease prevention purpose. Due to such process, uniformity in centralised process has been hampered for the health service and this is a major reason for social immobilisation (Fudge, 2019).
Lack of communication between central health system and regional health system is responsible for poor transparency and common people as well as clinicians have minimum idea about the actual process. Henceforth, poor advocacy is responsible for practice assurance of the new system and the sufferers experience inadequate treatment.
Epidemic perspective of HIV
Tuberculosis prevention program is quite difficult for NHS as there is a lot of viability regarding HIV in European region and consequences majorly occurs regarding disease identification. Information supports that globalisation is a prime factor to acquire consequences in tuberculosis implementation plan by NHS due to sharing between Asian and European countries (Ratnaraja et al. 2021).
In some cases, disease is not identified correctly and it is a major cause for disease spreading without proper treatment. Delays in diagnosis process have to be managed and this is an effective scheme to reform primary health service in UK through closure involvement.
Lack of political as well as financial commitment
No commitment is there between political as well as financial environment in UK and it is a major cause for many challenges for NHS to implement their strategies regarding tuberculosis prevention. National expenditure is increasing in UK related with tuberculosis burden and prevalence of disease is increasing continuously (Fudge, 2019).
Political leaders are not aware about financial perspectives of disease and this has affected the health service both in government and in private perspectives. Therefore, suitable assurance of policies and regulations by NHS has not been introduced and it has affected the overall social burden of disease in high.
3.4 Challenges faced by Government of India
Poor infrastructure of primary healthcare
Indian government has faced many challenges during proposal and implementation of tuberculosis prevention program due to poor infrastructure of healthcare. In majority of the government healthcare centres in India, it is not possible to use proper ventilation system because of excessive load of patients. As a result, quick transmission of disease is reported.
Other than this, due to monetary consequence, government hospitals have not provided personal protective equipment to the patients (Moonan et al. 2018). This is a major cause for constant health degradation and by not maintaining the rule of government, viability of disease cannot be prevented without proper infrastructure.
Irregulation in private healthcare sector
In India, there is no association between private healthcare sector and government healthcare sector and this is a major reason for lack of collaborative action. Evidence suggests that intervention related with tuberculosis prevention in India is quite difficult for excessive cost of private sectors (Anand et al. 2017).
Staff management and lack of education can be considered as another major factor for tuberculosis prevention rule and regulation incorporation. Majority of the healthcare professionals are not able to take correct measure and in case of private setting, authentication of all rules is quite vulnerable, as no training has been given regarding new measures.
Lack of political association
Primary healthcare has to be concerned both in rural and urban environment but both of the healthcare setting has not been categorised under same measure because of high political discrimination. In India, the political leaders have no such involvement to find out disease consequence and reducing the viability of its spread.
Additionally, lack of funding is another major cause for rapid exploration of disease throughout the country. Betterment in healthcare setting can be effective through active participation of political leaders for minimising the vulnerability of tuberculosis in Indian subcontinent (Moonan et al. 2018).
Corruption and poverty
Poverty level is high in India as 6% of the total population are below income level and this is quite tough for common people to access healthcare cost. However, in India, the healthcare system is publicly funded and due to lack of money, most of the people are unable to maintain such huge costs.
Other than this, tuberculosis action plan in India has many challenges because of high rate corruption level as known people are facilitated and no such health equity is maintained (Anand et al. 2017). Therefore, taking of strategic action is quite difficult for the country with better outcome provision for all the sufferers.
4. Conclusion
i) Globalisation and tuberculosis prevalence
Tuberculosis ranks 13th among the major causes of deaths all across the globe and this is the second leading infectious disease to kill people. Evidence suggests that near about 10 million people have been suffered due to tuberculosis in 2020 and all of them have faced major consequences due to occurrence of this communicable disease (Nyarko et al. 2021).
Globalisation can be considered as a major cause for rapid spreading of tuberculosis as it facilitate high collaboration and excessive communication with the people living in other countries. In the words of Martinez et al. (2017), people living in low-income countries are suffered by tuberculosis more frequently due to improper nutrition and overcrowding. Therefore, viability of tuberculosis is increasing constantly worldwide for uncontrolled communication and comparatively high effort as well as cost is needed to reduce vulnerability.
ii) Prevention of spread, control and management of tuberculosis
Global community can control increase in pathogen flow by restricting movement and giving effort to enhance public awareness. According to the view of Van Crevel et al. (2018), prevention of tuberculosis spread can be possible by using masks as well as respirators.
Other than this, medications such as ethambutol, rifampicins are suggested for controlling long-term effect of tuberculosis. In support, Cheepsattayakorn and Cheepsattayakorn (2018) pointed out that development of respiratory protection program could be effective to control the viability of disease. Moreover, patient education and maintenance of hygiene are the prime ways to etiquette tuberculosis control and management in global sector.
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