PUB015-6 1: Critical appraisal of a published article Assignment Sample 2024
Critical appraisal of research paper
Introduction
Systematic execution of collected evidence from researched evidence through execution of valid accessibility is considered as critical appraisal. Value of an article has been identified by analysing its strength and weakness in a systematic manner. This critical appraisal is highlighting ethnicity and outcomes among patients who are hospitalized for the outbreak of Covid-19 in East London (EL).
Methods in theoretical concepts which have been mentioned in this article are focused in this study for determining value of stated article. However, this article has been evaluated based on pedagogical tolls associated with Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP).
Strength and weakness of research paper
According to CASP Act, articles related to Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) must follow a valid design that includes clear research questions and validity evaluation. Zheng et al. (2018) added that CASP tools are mostly used by researchers to define and address quality work of their paper. Similarly, strength of this empirical paper is underlying within its structure imposed by the authors through which it has been convenient to uplift healthcare professional skill backed by reliable research evidences.
This study is highlighting over Covid-19 which is creating an effect over black, Asian and minority ethnic populations which creates socio-economic factors.
As discussed by Apea et al. (2021), age and gender of this ethic group creates issues in terms of developing diabetes and hypertension. The risk factor increases due to appearance of ethnic diversity within populations who have different types of characteristics. On the other hand, it has been argued that due to facing multifactorial inequalities, Asian and minority ethnic populations are unable to access sufficient healthcare services (acc.org, 2020).
Thus, abundance of hypertension and diabetes has become quite common with them and this kind of argumentative information is extremely poor in this study which defines the paper’s weaknesses indirectly.
Additionally, general information has not been collected by this research due to highlighting over pre specific statistical information. However, multiple sensitive analyses have been conducted for testing the findings which support future studies. Conversely, ethnicity breakdown becomes one of the major issues which have not been highlighted in this study due to having poor access in different datasets.
Substantive
Ethnic inequality has been identified from this study that creates challenges in delivering accurate treatment to covid patients. Major six hotels which are situated with EL bring diversity within communities through estimating different issues which are faced by ethnic groups. Social different communities within London increase the rate of mortality during this pandemic situation.
Apea et al. (2021) claimed in an article that pre-existing health conditions become another major factor for raising this covid-19. 2.5 fold to 4.5 fold greater extent has been determined among “black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME)” groups compared with white people. Comorbid diseases have been observed among BAME due to appearance of social discrimination.
Genetic factor major changes within the internal condition which brings complexity in making success of the treatment provided by the hospital. Policies that have been generated for declining discrimination among population create another major risk in terms of estimating response from patients.
Based on the above discussion, it can be stated that certain research problems is extremely significant to public health which incises its relevance to be considered by worldwide clinicians. Yaya et al. (2020) added that socio-economic factors related to racism, segregation and inequality of healthcare service allocation have majorly affected on health outcomes of minority population during the Covid-19 period. Hence, in this emergency situation, the peer reviewed study makes an extensive contribution to future readers who can access its data for uplifting their knowledge while solidifying and unifying correlational strategies.
Theoretical
Determination of different ethnic groups who are admitted to hospital for making confirmation about outcome of covid-19 has become the main objective of this research paper. Evaluation of prognostic factors which are creating segregation among the population of EL has been highlighted.
As reported by Apea et al. (2021), decline of psychological condition for appearance of hypertension provides poor outcome after delivering intense care which creates negative impact over the population of UK. Critical review of findings increases the interest of researchers regarding analysis of information about various risk factors of Covid and its influence over ethnicity groups.
Based on CASP format, theoretical interference in this chapter are quite adequate that underpin blinding of certain framework by defining the importance of pre-existing notion to develop socio-economic platforms. This research includes A Cox proportional hazards model through which the authors sought to intensify their knowledge regarding survival practices among target population based on their age and sex.
Methodological
This article has focused over the primary information which is conveying situation for covid-19 in hospital. On the other hand, 30-day mortality has become the major priority for estimating the outcome of covid-19 after being admitted in hospital. Secondary outcomes are also focused which are highlighting 90 days mortality during Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for analysing multiple variable survival.
Apea et al. (2021) conveyed in article 1737 participants who are from age group of 16 regarding confirming infection of covid-19 over ethnicity group through analysing their death rate. SARS-CoV-2 infection has been highlighted in hospital of EL. Observational study is conducted by researchers for making registration of data which are collected from participants.
As per views of Gorst et al. (2019) cross-section of various perceptions regarding the situation through observing cases support researchers to draw conclusions in an easier manner. Relative measurement has been conducted by this researcher for analysing social-economic depression appeared among this ethnic group.
Incorporation of information through utilising “Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)” provides knowledge regarding the background of patients. However, comorbid disease is another baseline of this research topic which has been identified from “Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS)”. Height and weight of patient have been calculated to implement a body mass index that provides accurate knowledge regarding admission episodes.
Involvement of the medical team for analysing result of calculations was accessed by utilising “Rockwood Clinical Frailty Scoring (RFS)”. Value of blood results is calculated through using “Secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH)” which provide information regarding implementation of Emergency Room general ward.
Demand for mechanical ventilation after delivering treatment to various organ failures while admitted in ICU provides knowledge regarding the length of hospital admission. Stability within health conditions is identified from the discharging period from hospitals that have been affected by covid-19.As stated by Windle and Silke (2019), reliability within information has been maintained through inclusion of primary sources in research.
This research has implemented a statistical analysis plan for determining characteristics of patients. Fisher’s exact test brings interrelationship between variables executed for evaluating the survival rate of fission after delivering them possible treatment.
As per the study, author found that Asian ethnic community have been at the higher risk of death caused by Covid-19 outbreak. In fact, black patients have the higher scopes of death compared to while ethnics which is somehow interlinked with their existing integration with socio-economic deprivation and disparities.
Bentley (2020) also believed that BAME groups have emerged as more susceptible to higher morbidity and mortality compared to white groups during the global pandemic. In that case, this empirical research sufficiently meets all the criteria belonging to CASP format based on cohort studies.
Interpretative
Sensitive analysis has been conducted by researchers for determining relationship between the risk variables implementing chain equations. On the other hand, “Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI)” has been incorporated for estimation of comorbidity burden among ABO groups. Patients have been admitted to EL at a high rate and this hospital has become the major mortality centre due to this rapid spreading of this infected disease.
Apea et al. (2021) discussed 5.2% patience belonging to white ethnicity and experienced that within 30 days. About 95% mortality rate is high for black comparatively. Complicated situation of patients who are admitted in ICU belonging to Asian and black patients is also high. Age group and gender factor for evaluation of this ethnicity group regarding their health outcome after experiencing covid-19 disease. Based on the statistical analysis, researched endeavoured to extract substantial knowledge associated with the given social study in an effective way.
Ethical
This study got approval from HRA as well as “Yorkshire &the Humber” that provides support to participants regarding their participation. Liability and validity of this research have been maintained through taking permissions from participants regarding their engagement within this research topic. As commented by Apea et al. (2021), translated materials have been incorporated for better understanding of readers after collecting responses of participants.
Accurate translation has been conducted following local regulation of UK which increases validity of this research. Compared with previous can text clinical guidelines are also followed for providing support to the terminology used by healthcare providers about this Covid-19 situation.
Implementation of drugs name and their doses which are responsible for delivering solutions to health conditions has become supplementary material of this research topic which ensures quality of study. Moreover, incorporation of open accesses opportunities takes approval from “Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0)” licence.
Stylistic
Findings have been analysed in correct manner through execution of comparison with other studies which are highlighting a similar type of research concept. Apea et al. (2021) explained that ICNARC reports are used in this research for inclusion of confirmed records about Covid-19 cases. Care units which are allocated for black patients are identified that provide detailed information regarding survival and death after infection from coronavirus. Unbiased population has been highlighted regarding analysis of geographical areas which get mostly infected due to Covid.
This study provides major attention to aged patients from their body condition as immunity power of aged person is low that influences this virus regarding affecting. Apart from this, previous complicated health conditions also declines immune factor within body which becomes another risk area for Covid Patients. Additionally, as alleged by Apea et al. (2021), background of a patient creates challenges in accepting treatment that is offered by a care provider.
On the other hand, mental condition of ethnic group gets reduced due to appearances of separation based on social and economic condition of black population within UK. Discriminated response of ethnic group by care provider creates another issue in handling this pandemic situation. Offering poor medical facilities to ethnic groups which make them unmasked.
Conclusion
Appearances of guidelines from Government which need to be followed without making discrimination check situation which becomes worst due to poor hospitality services. Lack of accurate solution for resisting this pandemic condition increases time for curing disease. Offering mechanical ventilation provides health care support to patients in terms of handling social deprivations.
Additionally, future generations get a wide scope to understand various factors which provide health risk for Covid. Ethnic diversity also creates limitations in controlling health risk due to poor acceptances of policy in hospitals which has been identified from collected information. Additionally, methods which have been used for analysis of research are stated in this appraisal.
References
acc.org, (2020). Racial Disparities in Hypertension Prevalence and Management: A Crisis Control? Available at: https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2020/04/06/08/53/racial-disparities-in-hypertension-prevalence-and-management#:~:text=Causes%20of%20ethnic%2Fracial%20inequalities,associated%20with%20poor%20hypertension%20control.&text=Additional%20gaps%20exist%20in%20the,NHWs%20and%20lowest%20for%20Hispanics. [Accessed on: 22nd June, 2021]
Apea, V.J., Wan, Y.I., Dhairyawan, R., Puthucheary, Z.A., Pearse, R.M., Orkin, C.M. and Prowle, J.R., (2021). Ethnicity and outcomes in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 infection in East London: an observational cohort study. BMJ open, 11(1), p.e042140.
Bentley, G.R., (2020). Don’t blame the BAME: Ethnic and structural inequalities in susceptibilities to COVID‐19. American Journal of Human Biology, 32(5), p.e23478.
Gorst, T., Rogers, A., Morrison, S.C., Cramp, M., Paton, J., Freeman, J. and Marsden, J., (2019). The prevalence, distribution, and functional importance of lower limb somatosensory impairments in chronic stroke survivors: a cross sectional observational study. Disability and rehabilitation, 41(20), pp.2443-2450.
Windle, J. and Silke, A., (2019). Is drawing from the state ‘state of the art’?: a review of organised crime research data collection and analysis, 2004–2018. Trends in Organized Crime, 22(4), pp.394-413.
Yaya, S., Yeboah, H., Charles, C.H., Otu, A. and Labonte, R., (2020). Ethnic and racial disparities in COVID-19-related deaths: counting the trees, hiding the forest. BMJ Global Health, 5(6), p.e002913.
Zheng, W.Y., Richardson, L.C., Li, L., Day, R.O., Westbrook, J.I. and Baysari, M.T., (2018). Drug-drug interactions and their harmful effects in hospitalised patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 74(1), pp.15-27.
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