ASSIGNMENT ON ACCOUNTING FOR BUSINESS DECISIONS
Big business industries make thousands; millions of transactions in a working day thus remembering the details of cash inflows and outflows is not possible. Therefore, financial accounting involves monitoring financial information and helps management to make effective decisions. Hence, it is necessary to maintain financial accounts by a company on a regular basis in order to avoid the risk of misplacing transaction related information. The annual report of the company is the final result of regular financial transactions which helps investors and shareholders to make investment programs. Financial accounting also helps to understand the status of a company in the high competition as well hence, board members and owners utilize financial information to make comparisons of data. This study has been conducted based on the journal, ledger, trial balance, income statement and balance sheet and based on proper calculation financial knowledge can be extended.
Accounting is the process of measurement through which financial transactions are recorded and based on the record profit loss or increase and decrease in the financial elements are observed. As per the view of Schroeder, Clark &Cathey (2019), it can be said that numbers and currencies are the main keys to financial accounting and an accountant required to monitor the flows of numbers in order to record in accounting statements. As per the view of Vollmer (2019), recording of financial information is the beginning of accounting work as it also extends to summarizing and analyzing as well. It can be seen that in an organization several types of transactions occur on a daily basis but there are several differences in the types of expenses and incomes. As per the view of Johnson (2019), an accountant needs to identify the nature of income or expenses and based on the classification logical entries are being made. Based on the net income a company requires paying income tax to the government thus it is necessary to prepare the accounting statement in an ethical manner. As per the view of Ma (2019), accountants are required to maintain the laws specified by GAAP while maintaining accounts of a company or individuals.
It is observable that in a day several types of raw materials and tools are being purchased by ongoing concerns but presenting the whole details in the time of making strategic decisions is troublesome. As per the view of Dutta&Patatoukas (2017), shorting the information is also essential in accounting, so accounting work is not limited to recording entries as it has a widespread role in the world of financial transactions. Based on the shorting process an organization is able to predict net worth and ranking in the competitive market, so accounting is the tool of measurement which helps to manage financial information.
| Safety Hire | ||
| Income Statement | ||
| For the year ending 30th June 2019 | ||
| Revenue :- | ||
| Equipment hire income | 170,000.00 | |
| Cost of revenue :- | ||
| Wages | 75,000.00 | |
| Gross profit | 95,000.00 | |
| Operating Expenses :- | ||
| Advertisement Expenses | 30,000.00 | |
| Electricity Expenses | 18,000.00 | |
| Telephone Expenses | 7,500.00 | |
| Total Operating Expenses | 55,500.00 | |
| Net Profit | 39,500.00 | |
Table 1: Income Statement
(Source: Created by learner)
Analysis of income statement: Safety Hire Company had maintained financial information in the year 2019 in order to understand the profit earned by the company in a financial year. As per the view of Zhou (2019), it can be said that the necessity of preparing an income statement is to identify expenses and incomes and finally results in the form of net income or a net loss.
Based on the calculation it can be seen that the Safety Hire had incomes from lending equipment on hire. The company was able to generate a total of $170,000 during the year 2019 based on the unique business process. It is observable that a company can divide the total industrial expenses into two different sectors one is direct expenses and another is indirect expenses. Similarly, the Safety Hire Company also has direct expenses regarding wages that are related to revenue and the amount the company spends in 2019 for wages was $75,000. The main purpose of preparing a profit and loss account in the form of a statement is to provide detailed information about the gross profit and operating profit. The process of calculating gross profit is to subtract the total cost of revenue from the net revenue earned by the organization within a specific period of time. Hence, based on the calculator it has been founded that the gross profit earned by the Safety Hire in 2019 was (170,000 – 75,000) = $95,000.
A company required bearing several other expenses that are not directly linked to production but it has a huge role in the operation of providing the final product or service (Osho&Adebambo, 2018). Therefore, the Safety Hire Company had expenditure on an advertisement sum of $30,000 and the expense is necessary to enhance the number of customers. The office requires electricity to maintain the lighting and other necessary equipment to run so, total expenses regarding electricity in 2019 was $18,000. Apart from that, it can be seen that the company has other office expenses regarding telephone bills and in 2019 the company paid $7,500. Hence, total operating expenses during the year were $55,500 and it has been subtracted from gross profit to calculate the net profit. As per the view of Robson, Young & Power (2017), the Safety Hire Company is able to earn a total of $39,500 of net profit from the business process.
| Safety Hire | |||||
| Balance Sheet | |||||
| For the year ending 30th June 2019 | |||||
| Assets | Amount | Liabilities and Equity | Amount | ||
| Current Assets: | Liabilities: | ||||
| Cash at bank | 45,000.00 | Loan Payable | 50,000.00 | ||
| Accounts Receivable | 63,000.00 | Accounts Payable | 40,000.00 | ||
| Mortgage Payable | 130,000.00 | ||||
| Non-Current Assets: | |||||
| Land | 75,000.00 | ||||
| Building | 85,000.00 | Equity: | |||
| Equipment | 180,000.00 | Michael Donato | |||
| Opening capital (Bal. fig.) | 188,500.00 | ||||
| Retained Earnings | 39,500.00 | 228,000.00 | |||
| 448,000.00 | 448,000.00 | ||||
Table 2: Balance Sheet
(Source: Created by learner)
Analysis of balance sheet: Maintaining financial assets and liability details is the main requirement of preparing the balance sheet. It can be seen that there are two alternative ways to present a balance sheet such as in the form of statement and in account format. The balance sheet of the Safety Hire Company has been prepared on the basis of the account format.
It can be seen from the given information the company had two different current assets among which the cash balance is maintained by the company of $45,000. Apart from that, accounts receivable is considered the part of current assets and the company had maintained its balance at $63,000. As per the view of Osho&Ajayi (2018), the classification of current assets has been made based on the money acquired from the business and it can be seen that current assets can be converted into liquid cash within a short period of time. On the other hand, it can be seen that non-current assets need time to convert into liquid cash. Safety Hire has maintained its business in a land valued $75,000 and building valued $85,000. These two assets are considered as non-current assets as these items cannot be converted into cash easily. Apart from that, the company had equipment of total $180,000 and it also counted in the non-current assets of the organization.
Company dues have been considered as the liabilities of the safety Hire Company and it can be said that the company had maintained several types of dues in the organization. Based on the analysis the company needs to pay for a borrowing loan of $50,000. Similarly, there is a due to creditors as well of amounting $40,000 and mortgage payable by the company of a total $130,000. Hence, the total liabilities of the company at the end of the year 2019 were $220,000. Equity shareholders fund is the sector of owners invested money into the business and it can be seen that the owner of Safety Hire Mr Michael Donato has a capital of $188,500 in this business. It has been assumed that the owner did not withdraw money from the business during the year and thus the balance of retained earnings has been adjusted with the equity balance. Hence, it can be said that the total assets and liabilities for the year 2019 was $448,000 where the profit of the year has been added in the business and enhanced the net worth.
4. Week 3
| a) Journal Entries | |||||
| As at 31 July 2018 | |||||
| Date | Accounts | Ref. | Debit | Credit | |
| 02.07.18 | Cash at Bank A/C | Dr. | 100-1 | $ 120,000.00 | |
| To, Nicole Andreou Capital A/C | Cr. | 300-1 | $ 120,000.00 | ||
| 02.07.18 | Rent Expenses A/C | Dr. | 500-1 | $ 1,800.00 | |
| To, Cash at Bank A/C | Cr. | 100-2 | $ 1,800.00 | ||
| 03.07.18 | Equipment A/C | Dr. | 103-1 | $ 70,000.00 | |
| To, Cash at Bank A/C | Cr. | 100-3 | $ 32,000.00 | ||
| To, Loan Payable A/C | Cr. | 200-1 | $ 38,000.00 | ||
| 04.07.18 | Supplies A/C | Dr. | 102-1 | $ 8,400.00 | |
| To, Cash at Bank A/C | Cr. | 100-4 | $ 8,400.00 | ||
| 06.07.18 | Advertising Expenses A/C | Dr. | 501-1 | $ 890.00 | |
| To, Cash at Bank A/C | Cr. | 100-5 | $ 890.00 | ||
| 16.07.18 | Cash at Bank A/C | Dr. | 100-6 | $ 3,250.00 | |
| Accounts Receivable A/C | Dr. | 101-1 | $ 620.00 | ||
| To, Revenue A/C | Cr. | 400-1 | $ 3,870.00 | ||
| 20.07.18 | Insurance Expenses A/C | Dr. | 502-1 | $ 480.00 | |
| To, Cash at Bank A/C | Cr. | 100-7 | $ 480.00 | ||
| 23.07.18 | Cash at Bank A/C | Dr. | 100-8 | $ 140.00 | |
| To, Accounts Receivable A/C | Cr. | 101-2 | $ 140.00 | ||
| 28.07.18 | Nicole Andreou Drawings A/C | Dr. | 301-1 | $ 560.00 | |
| To, Cash at Bank A/C | Cr. | 100-9 | $ 560.00 | ||
| 31.07.18 | Cash at Bank A/C | Dr. | 100-10 | $ 3,680.00 | |
| Accounts Receivable A/C | Dr. | 101-3 | $ 580.00 | ||
| To, Revenue A/C | Cr. | 400-2 | $ 4,260.00 | ||
| 31.07.18 | Telephone Expenses A/C | Dr. | 503-1 | $ 330.00 | |
| To, Cash at Bank A/C | Cr. | 100-11 | $ 330.00 | ||
Table 3: Journal entries
(Source: Created by learner)
| b) General ledger accounts | |||||
| As at 31 July 2018 | |||||
| Date | Accounts | Ref. | Debit | Credit | Balance |
| Cash at Bank Account | |||||
| 02.07.18 | Nicole Andreou Capital A/C | 100-1 | $ 120,000.00 | $ 120,000.00 | |
| 02.07.18 | Rent Expenses A/C | 100-2 | $ 1,800.00 | $ 118,200.00 | |
| 03.07.18 | Equipment A/C | 100-3 | $ 32,000.00 | $ 86,200.00 | |
| 04.07.18 | Supplies A/C | 100-4 | $ 8,400.00 | $ 77,800.00 | |
| 06.07.18 | Advertising Expenses A/C | 100-5 | $ 890.00 | $ 76,910.00 | |
| 16.07.18 | Revenue A/C | 100-6 | $ 3,250.00 | $ 80,160.00 | |
| 20.07.18 | Insurance Expenses A/C | 100-7 | $ 480.00 | $ 79,680.00 | |
| 23.07.18 | Accounts Receivable A/C | 100-8 | $ 140.00 | $ 79,820.00 | |
| 28.07.18 | Nicole Andreou Drawings A/C | 100-9 | $ 560.00 | $ 79,260.00 | |
| 31.07.18 | Revenue A/C | 100-10 | $ 3,680.00 | $ 82,940.00 | |
| 31.07.18 | Telephone Expenses A/C | 100-11 | $ 330.00 | $ 82,610.00 | |
| Accounts Receivable Account | |||||
| 16.07.18 | Revenue A/C | 101-1 | $ 620.00 | $ 620.00 | |
| 23.07.18 | Cash at Bank A/C | 101-2 | $ 140.00 | $ 480.00 | |
| 31.07.18 | Revenue A/C | 101-3 | $ 580.00 | $ 1,060.00 | |
| Supplies Account | |||||
| 04.07.18 | Cash at Bank A/C | 102-1 | $ 8,400.00 | $ 8,400.00 | |
| Equipment Account | |||||
| 03.07.18 | Cash at Bank A/C | 103-1 | $ 32,000.00 | $ 32,000.00 | |
| 03.07.18 | Loan Payable A/C | 103-1 | $ 38,000.00 | $ 70,000.00 | |
| Loan Payable Account | |||||
| 03.07.18 | Equipment A/C | 200-1 | $ 38,000.00 | $ (38,000.00) | |
| Nicole Andreou Capital Account | |||||
| 02.07.18 | Cash at Bank A/C | 300-1 | $ 120,000.00 | $ (120,000.00) | |
| Nicole Andreou Drawings Account | |||||
| 28.07.18 | Cash at Bank A/C | 301-1 | $ 560.00 | $ 560.00 | |
| Revenue Account | |||||
| 16.07.18 | Cash at Bank A/C | 400-1 | $ 3,250.00 | $ (3,250.00) | |
| 16.07.18 | Accounts Receivable A/C | 400-1 | $ 620.00 | $ (3,870.00) | |
| 31.07.18 | Cash at Bank A/C | 400-2 | $ 3,680.00 | $ (7,550.00) | |
| 31.07.18 | Accounts Receivable A/C | 400-2 | $ 580.00 | $ (8,130.00) | |
| Rent Expense Account | |||||
| 02.07.18 | Cash at Bank A/C | 500-1 | $ 1,800.00 | $ 1,800.00 | |
| Advertising Expense Account | |||||
| 06.07.18 | Cash at Bank A/C | 501-1 | $ 890.00 | $ 890.00 | |
| Insurance Expense Account | |||||
| 20.07.18 | Cash at Bank A/C | 502-1 | $ 480.00 | $ 480.00 | |
| Telephone Expense Account | |||||
| 31.07.18 | Cash at Bank A/C | 503-1 | $ 330.00 | $ 330.00 | |
Table 4: General ledger Accounts
(Source: Created by learner)
| c) Trial Balance | ||
| As at 31 July 2018 | ||
| Accounts | Debit | Credit |
| Cash at Bank Account | 82,610.00 | |
| Accounts Receivable Account | 1,060.00 | |
| Supplies Account | 8,400.00 | |
| Equipment Account | 70,000.00 | |
| Loan Payable Account | 38,000.00 | |
| Nicole Andreou Capital Account | 120,000.00 | |
| Nicole Andreou Drawings Account | 560.00 | |
| Revenue Account | 8,130.00 | |
| Rent Expense Account | 1,800.00 | |
| Advertising Expense Account | 890.00 | |
| Insurance Expense Account | 480.00 | |
| Telephone Expense Account | 330.00 | |
| 166,130.00 | 166,130.00 | |
Table 5: Trial Balance
(Source: Created by learner)
Analysis of business: The reparation of journal entries has been conducted based on the guidance provided by GAAP. It can be seen that the company started with a capital balance of $120,000 so it has been added as the company’s bank balance and owner’s capital balance. Beauty parlor business has been started in a rented building thus on 2nd July the company bore an expense regarding the rent of $1,800 which has been adjusted from the cash balance. It has been assumed that the company maintained its incomes and expenses through bank transactions. It can be seen that on 3rd July there was a payment of $32000 regarding the purchase of equipment but Andreou had raised a loan to make remaining payments. Similarly, several other expenses such as payment to suppliers, advertisement expenses, insurance expenses and telephone expenses had occurred during the month.
Based on the journal entries several ledger accounts have been formed in running balanced format. It can be seen that the journal entries of business of Andreou have been constructed for one month and in future, these transactions will continue. As per the view of Santoso&brSebayang (2017), a running ledger format helps to observe the continuous updates of financial transactions. Journal entries are prepared based on the scenario of the transaction; on the other hand, ledger accounts help to monitor the specific accounts such as cash at bank accounts. As per the view of Osho&Moronkeji (2018), the details specified in the journal entries the preparation of ledger accounts has been done. Based on the analysis of general ledger accounts it can be seen that a total of 11 transactions have been placed with the bank account during the month of July 2018. Reference numbers are especially useful to track the details of transactions which are linked with general ledger with journal entries.
Apart from that, the ledger also helps to understand the remaining balance or total balance and based on the result trial balance has been formed in the study. It can be seen that the total balance in the cash balance at the end of July 2018 was $82,610. It also can be seen that the revenue earned by Andreou during the month was amounting of $8,130. Therefore, based on the observation of trial balance Andreou will be able to control costs and also take necessary strategic approaches in order to enhance the revenue.
5. Week 4
| Journal Entries | |||||
| As at 30 June | |||||
| Date | Accounts | Ref. | Debit | Credit | |
| 30-Jun | Bank A/C | Dr. | $ 17,280.00 | ||
| To, 8% interest on loan A/C | Cr. | $ 1,280.00 | |||
| To, Loan A/C | Cr. | $ 16,000.00 | |||
| (Being deducted princial and interest balance adjusted) | |||||
| 30-Jun | Insurance Expenditure A/c | Dr. | $ 1,720.00 | ||
| To, Prepaid Expenses A/c | Cr. | $ 1,720.00 | |||
| (660 – (660*8/12) + 2700 – (2700*16/36)) | |||||
| (Being prepaid expenses adjusted) | |||||
| 30-Jun | Wages A/c | Dr. | $ 1,320.00 | ||
| To, Outstanding wages A/c | Cr. | $ 1,320.00 | |||
| (220*2*3) | |||||
| (Being wages due) | |||||
| 30-Jun | Highup Hotel A/c | Dr. | $ 4,200.00 | ||
| To, Accrued Income A/C | Cr. | $ 2,100.00 | |||
| To, Pre Received A/C | Cr. | $ 2,100.00 | |||
| (Being the amount adjusted with pe received account) | |||||
| 30-Jun | Suppliers A/c | Dr. | $ 280.00 | ||
| To, Purchase A/c | Cr. | $ 280.00 | |||
| (Being purchase entruy adjusted) | |||||
| 30-Jun | Purchase A/c | Dr. | $ 190.00 | ||
| To, Suppliers A/c | Cr. | $ 190.00 | |||
| (Being supplies received) | |||||
Table 6: Adjusted Journal Entries
(Source: Created by learner)
Analysis of adjustments journal entries: It often can be seen in several business sectors that one journal entry made by the company was wrong and needs to be rectified in order to show the original financial condition. Similarly, this part of the analysis has been constructed based on the rectification of journal entries of Drip Dry Cleaning Services. As per the view of Alayemi& Abdul-Lateef (2017), journal entries are the beginning of recording financial information, so it is necessary to rectify the journal entries in the first place.
It can be seen that the payment of borrowed money will be done in the month of August but the company adjusted the borrowed money and its interest at the end of June. Hence, the journal entry has been rectified by making a reverse journal entry to nullify the amount. It has also assumed that the company is required to pay the interest money at the end of the repayment period. Therefore, there is no need to make an entry of bank interest for the period 15 February – 30 June. It has been found that the company has made two insurance policies, one for a period of three years and another for one year. It is necessary to adjust similar other error transactions in order to maintain the essence of financial transactions.
| ELLIOT PAINTING SERVICES | ||||||
| Worksheet (Partial) | ||||||
| for the year ended 30 June 2019 | ||||||
| Account | Adjusted trial balance | Income statement | Balance sheet | |||
| Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit | |
| Cash at Bank | 1,230 | 1,230 | ||||
| Accounts Receivable | 75,600 | 75,600 | ||||
| Prepaid Rent | 1,800 | 1,800 | ||||
| Office Supplies | 8,320 | 8,320 | ||||
| Equipment | 160,000 | 160,000 | ||||
| Accum. Depr. Equip’t | 25,000 | 25,000 | ||||
| Accounts Payable | 54,000 | 54,000 | ||||
| Salaries Payable | 8,760 | 8,760 | ||||
| Unearned Revenue | 3,430 | 3,430 | ||||
| F. Elliot, Capital | 101,500 | 101,500 | ||||
| F. Elliot, Drawings | 22,000 | 22,000 | ||||
| Painting Revenue | 219,650 | 219,650 | ||||
| Salaries Expense | 106,000 | 106,000 | ||||
| Rent Expense | 6,050 | 6,050 | ||||
| Depreciation Expense | 8,040 | 8,040 | ||||
| Telephone Expense | 4,020 | 4,020 | ||||
| Office Supplies Used | 10,080 | 10,080 | ||||
| Sundry Expenses | 9,200 | 9,200 | ||||
| TOTAL | 412,340 | 412,340 | 143,390 | 219,650 | 268,950 | 192,690 |
| Profit for the period | 76,260 | – | – | 76,260 | ||
| TOTAL | 219,650 | 219,650 | 268,950 | 268,950 | ||
Table 7: WorkSheet
(Source: Created by learner)
| ELLIOT PAINTING SERVICES | |||
| Worksheet (Partial) | |||
| Closing Entries | |||
| for the year ended 30 June 2019 | |||
| Accounts | Debit | Credit | |
| Painting Revenue | Dr. | 219,650 | |
| To, Income Summary | Cr. | 219,650 | |
| Income Summary | Dr. | 143,390 | |
| To, Salaries Expense | Cr. | 106,000 | |
| To, Rent Expense | Cr. | 6,050 | |
| To, Depreciation Expense | Cr. | 8,040 | |
| To, Telephone Expense | Cr. | 4,020 | |
| To, Office Supplies Used | Cr. | 10,080 | |
| To, Sundry Expenses | Cr. | 9,200 | |
| Income Summary | Dr. | 76,260 | |
| To, Retained Earnings | Cr. | 76,260 | |
| (219,650 – 143,390) | |||
Table 8: Closing Entries
(Source: Created by learner)
Analysis: This part of the study has been prepared based on the provided trial balance of Elliot painting service. It can be seen that the trial balance holds the financial information of a company in terms of wealth and income and expenditure. Hence, proper differentiation is necessary to separate the income statement and balance sheet statement. Therefore, this part of the study has been made by calculating the income statement and balance sheet statement in the worksheet.
Based on the study of accounting works in the business it can be concluded that it is necessary for business organizations to record financial data with the help of journal entries. Ledger helps to organize the financial data and also provides the details based on accounts. It also can be concluded that trial balance provides the view of the performance of a company thus it is also necessary to maintain by a company in order to enhance performance.
References
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Dutta, S., &Patatoukas, P. N. (2017).Identifying conditional conservatism in financial accounting data: theory and evidence. The Accounting Review, 92(4), 191-216. Retrieved from: https://www.aaajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.2308/accr-51640
Zhou, Y. (2019). A Concept Tree of Accounting Theory:(Re) Design for the Curriculum Development. Education Sciences, 9(2), 111. Retrieved from: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/9/2/111/pdf
Osho, A. E., &Adebambo, A. (2018).The Relevance of Accounting Theory on Business Financial Performance in Nigeria. European Scientific Journal September, 37-53. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/download/57504661/3.pdf
Robson, K., Young, J., & Power, M. (2017). Themed section on financial accounting as social and organizational practice: exploring the work of financial reporting. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 56, 35-37. Retrieved from: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/69822/1/Power_Themed%20section.pdf
Osho, A. E., &Ajayi, D. A. (2018).Relevance of Accounting Theory to Business Corporate Governance Performance in Nigeria. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste. org ISSN, 2222-1697. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Augustine_Osho/publication/328060282_The_Relevance_of_Accounting_Theory_on_Business_Financial_Performance_in_Nigeria/links/5e1475654585159aa4b86e8b/The-Relevance-of-Accounting-Theory-on-Business-Financial-Performance-in-Nigeria.pdf
Santoso, M. R., &brSebayang, M. M. (2017).A glimpse of positive accounting theory (PAT). Junior Scientific Researcher, 3(2), 70-77. Retrieved from: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/83665/1/MPRA_paper_83665.pdf
Osho, A. E., &Moronkeji, T. A. (2018). Usefulness of Accounting Theory and Practices on Banking Sectors in Nigeria: Empirical Evidence from Basel Accord. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting. United Kingdom. www. iiste. org ISSN, 2222-1697. Retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a119/6eb13e3233591ba463239df7918ce6407ad0.pdf
Alayemi, S. A., & Abdul-Lateef, M. O. (2017).Accounting Numbers and Management’s Financial Reporting Incentives: Evidence from Positive Accounting Theory. Noble International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, 2(2), 50-53. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sunday_Alayemi2/publication/313837880_Accounting_Numbers_and_Management’s_Financial_Reporting_Incentives_Evidence_from_Positive_Accounting_Theory/links/58c99f4a92851c4b5e6c9a33/Accounting-Numbers-and-Managements-Financial-Reporting-Incentives-Evidence-from-Positive-Accounting-Theory.pdf
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