Assignment Sample on BME808 Tissue Engineering
Introduction
This assignment will deal with the treatment of Cardiovascular Damage by applying advanced methods of Tissue Engineering (Nappi et al. 2021). Cardiovascular Damage includes the damage of heart muscles, valves, or conduction (Lu et al. 2021). This will be a report in which there will be an evaluation of the progress of applications of TE which consists of advances in stem cells, growth factors, biomaterials, and bioreactor conditioning for the development of bioengineered replacement organs for those patients who have the disease of Cardiovascular Damage. There will be a discussion regarding literature as well as the progress that has been made in the area as well as the importance of research in helping patients with disease of Cardiovascular Damage. Certain relevant case studies will be discussed in this context. There will be an evaluation of the advantages as well as potential drawbacks of TE (Pardo et al. 2021).
Overview of Tissue engineering
The classification of Tissue engineering can be done on basis of the development of biological substitutes for implantation into the body or fostering tissue regeneration as well as remodeling to be to replace, maintain or enhance function (Liu et al. 2021). It refers to the establishment of bioartificial tissues in vitro and Vivo modification of growth of cell as well as function through execution of appropriate cells confined from donor tissue as well as biocompatible materials of scaffolding. Biomaterials that are required for Tissue engineering must have their control in surface chemistry, porosity as well as biodegradability for promotion of favorable adhesion of cell, its migration as well as deposition of materials of endogenous extracellular matrix with help of cells (Yu et al. 2021). Several strategies have been utilized for switching of cells between growth as well as differentiation care for its mutual exclusiveness for providing a mass of large cells which can be able to perform specific distinguished functions which are necessary for the construction of tissue (Jansen et al. 2021). The amalgamation of cells, as well as materials, has a capability for their reorganization on basis of the strength of attachment between cells as well as substrate as well as among several kinds of cells that are present in the construction of tissue (Joyce et al. 2021). Ultimately, the construction of tissue must be closely interspersed into the vascular system of the host for the production of a sufficient supply of nutrients as well as the removal of waste (Park et al. 2021).
Application of Tissue Engineering for Treatment of Cardiovascular Damage
As opined by Tenreiro et al. (2021), current medication for loss as well as the failure of function of cardiovascular consists of transplantation of organs, reconstruction by surgery, automated or artificial devices, or management of those products which are related to metabolism. Though utilized frequently, their medications are with several limitations as well as complexities. To provide resolution for creation as well as repair of tissue, rising as well as multidisciplinary areas of tissue engineering have progressed. There has been the application of principles of engineering, material science as well as biology by Tissue Engineering toward the progress of substitutes of biology which modernize, maintain or ameliorate the function of tissue (Henckes et al. 2021). It has been observed that development has been generated in engineering for several components of the cardiovascular system which includes blood vessels, heart valves as well as cardiac muscle. Several crucial studies have taken place within recent years for the support of the extensive application of tissue engineering therapy for patients who are suffering from cardiovascular damage. According to Sekine and Okano, (2021), studies that discussed consist of seeding of endothelial cells of vascular grafts, vascular conduits that have been done by tissue engineering, creation of leaflets of the heart valve, cardiomyoplasty, genetic control, as well as in conditions of Vitro for ameliorating construction of cardiovascular by tissue engineering.
The latest drugs, as well as advanced devices, have ameliorated the standard of life of those patients who are suffering from cardiovascular disease. However, reduction of morbidity, as well as mortality, has not been observed. The culmination of cardiovascular disease in due course becomes obstinate to therapy. Replacement of organs is highly victorious. However, it has been utilized sparingly. Successful medication of cardiovascular damage is restricted in several circumstances because of the scarcity of appropriate autologous tissue for the restoration of wounded cardiac muscle. In addition to that, this can be done for serving as vascular conduits for replacement or bypassing of diseased or obstructed vessels. In those cases where autologous material is scarce, there may be the utilization of materials of synthetic graft. However, in comparison with aboriginal tissue Synthetic material has performed frequently bleached as a replacement of tissue. The susceptibility of synthetic materials is more towards thrombosis as well as towards deposition of calcium by which there has been a scarcity in their capability of growth. Replacement of tissue for optimization for the cardiovascular system has been considered biocompatible. On the other hand, it exhibits growth of potentiality. Tissue Engineering has been suggested as the resolution to these issues by replacement of either tissue or function of an organ with constructs which consist of individual populations of those cells which are living. An address will be provided by the current review that presents the status evolution of tissue engineering within the cardiovascular system consists of widespread discussion of characterization as well as the culture of vascular cells. In addition to that, specific problems which are related to arterial conduits, heart valves, cardiomyocyte refurbishment after infarction, as well as gene therapy, have been done by tissue engineering.
Arterial Replacements by Tissue Engineering
The accomplishment of the vascular bypass has been possible with autologous veins or arteries or with synthetic grafts constructed from materials that include Dacron or enlarged polytetrafluoroethylene (Khanna et al. 2021). Though there has been the utilization of native as well as synthetic grafts, in those environments which are flowing high of big-diameter grafts, the only previous one is acceptable with smaller diameter vessels of minimal flow. Durable patency within vessels of large diameter is from 85% to 95%. Meetings of synthetic grafts of smaller diameter have occurred with previous thrombotic complications as well as delayed intimal hyperplasia. This frequently leads to overall occlusion of graft. Femoropopliteal grafts which are of smaller diameter and are less than 50%, stay privileged 5 years even after implantation. Scarcity of adequate durable patency of grafts of smaller diameter has been associated with intrinsic thrombogenicity of those interfaces which is luminal. As the accessibility of autologous material is frequently restricted, considerable effort has been made toward expanding rates of success in the case of prosthetic grafts.
Endothelial Cell Seeding of Vascular Grafts
Consummate insincere vascular graft intimately mimics natural vessels (Limongi et al. 2021). It is impenetrable to thrombosis, inflammation as well as neointimal proliferation as well as for overall purposes as well as intents and its view is similar to native vessels. Consummate graft bewitches architectural uprightness of native vessels as well as withstands degradation as well as detrimental remodeling below various types of conditions of pressure. Furthermore, a function of consummate graft has occurred both metabolically as well as biochemically similar to native vessels, representing a substrate that is luminal which enhances healing as well as circulates adhesion of cells. Though mechanical power refers to a property that can be replicated with help of passive materials, the requirement of cellular machinery is there in the case of metabolic function. Scarcity of feasible endothelial cells (ECs) over that surface which is luminal in nature of consummate grafts commits to thrombogenicity of synthetic grafts as well as there has been a promotion of intrinsic proliferation inside graft. Seeding of EC of synthetic grafts attempts for mitigation of these restrictions.
Tissue Engineered Vascular Conduits
Advancement of entirely Tissue Engineered arteries started with coculture of ECs as well as SMCs in components of those matrices which are extracellular (Schwarz et al. 2021). Avascular conduit has been developed which constitutes SMCs that are cultured in collagen tubes. Utilization of cryopreserved allografts has occurred clinically like bypass conduits of coronary arteries. However, their utilization is restricted only due to poor rates of patency as well as issues with aneurysms. Utilization of tissues of xenograft as well as allograft has been required crucially for premedication either physically or chemically by enlarging its resistance for enzymatic or degradation of chemical which decreases immunogenicity of material as well as sterilization of tissue. Techniques of cross-linkage have been analyzed as a venture for the identification of consummate stabilization procedures. Approaches to decellularization have been utilized for the reduction of host-resistant responses.
Though natural biomaterials have utilized vascular replacements by themselves. In addition to that, there may be a production of additional advantages as biomaterials only for applications of tissue engineering. Area of Tissue Engineering has progressed over the last decade, several approaches have been involved that utilize materials of a synthetic polymer as scaffolds for the guidance of growth in cells. Hence, an investigation of synthetic materials for the role of replacements of arteries has been done. Creation of conduit of pulmonary arteries had been done by seeding scaffolds of tubular polyglactin acid which had been accompanied by SMCs by ECs. Implantation of conduits occurred after the period of Vitro culture, into lambs of pulmonary arteries as well; it had been evaluated between weeks of 11 as well as 24. In comparison to control of acellular, scaffolds of TE materialized histologically which has been designated as indistinguishable to those arteries which are native. The growth of blood vessels of TE in presence of pulsatile flow.
The advancement of biological substitutes has been enabled by TE which reinstates, maintains, or ameliorates the function of tissues. In addition to that, a tool has been provided by it for examining the relationship of the function of the structure of individual tissues. Implantation of cells as well as tissues at plots far away or in distinct arrangement from their indigenous state. It provides convenience to divorce impacts of a function of cell secretory on the biology of tissue from those which are imposed by the maintenance of the structure of tissue (Boire et al. 2021).
Heart Valves
Replacement of Heart Valve by prostheses of mechanical as well as biological valve stays as the common medication for ameliorated valvular heart disease. The main restriction to valves consists of the requirement for durable anticoagulation which is related to the probability of hemorrhage, a hazard of thromboembolic incidents as well as predisposition to durable hazards of infection. Susceptibility of prosthetic valves is towards disintegration as well as a failure as well as are not able to renovate themselves. In addition to that, remodeling or growth is not possible either. These are considered important features for populations of pediatricians. Generation of a heart valve that is TE living may produce a resolution to these issues. Another method of creation of TE heart valve had been developed. In that method, there had been an utilization of system of vitro pulse duplicator as well as novel bioabsorbable material of scaffolding quickly. Polyglycolic acid which was nonwoven was covered with very thin sheet of poly-4-hydroxybutyrate. P4HB refers to the derivation of biological absorbable bipolymer which functions rapidly and is very strong, pliable as well as thermoplastic by which it is possible to be molded into any shape (Kyryachenko et al. 2021).
Tremendous scope has been there in case of Tissue Engineering. Perfect impact of TE is there on society. It keeps its promise of feasible amelioration in quality of life of humans, with decrease in costs of society as well as economy which are related with healthcare as well as life expectancy. Potentiality of offering early apprehension of pathological situations, decrease seriousness of therapy as well as result in ameliorated clinical result of patients. Latest approaches may be discovered by it to promote health as well as longevity. Final aim is all-inclusive monitoring, repair as well as amelioration of overall biological systems of humans. It is highly significant in those medicines which are regenerative and are considered as important components of specialities of both surgical as well as allied (Zhu et al. 2021).
References
Boire, T.C., Himmel, L.E., Yu, F., Guth, C.M., Dollinger, B.R., Werfel, T.A., Balikov, D.A. and Duvall, C.L., 2021. Effect of pore size and spacing on neovascularization of a biodegradble shape memory polymer perivascular wrap. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 109(3), pp.272-288.
Henckes, N.A.C., Faleiro, D., Chuang, L.C. and Cirne-Lima, E.O., 2021. Scaffold strategies combined with mesenchymal stem cells in vaginal construction: a review. Cell Regeneration, 10(1), pp.1-11.Jansen, K., Shikama-Dorn, N., Attar, M., Maio, S., Lopopolo, M., Buck, D., Holländer, G.A. and Sansom, S.N., 2021. RBFOX splicing factors contribute to a broad but selective recapitulation of peripheral tissue splicing patterns in the thymus. Genome research, 31(11), pp.2022-2034.
Joyce, K., Fabra, G.T., Bozkurt, Y. and Pandit, A., 2021. Bioactive potential of natural biomaterials: identification, retention and assessment of biological properties. Signal transduction and targeted therapy, 6(1), pp.1-28.
Khanna, A., Zamani, M. and Huang, N.F., 2021. Extracellular Matrix-Based Biomaterials for Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 8(11), p.137.
Kyryachenko, S., Georges, A., Yu, M., Barrandou, T., Guo, L., Bruneval, P., Rubio, T., Gronwald, J., Baraki, H., Kutschka, I. and Aras, K.K., 2021. Chromatin Accessibility of Human Mitral Valves and Functional Assessment of MVP Risk Loci. Circulation Research, 128(5), pp.e84-e101.
Limongi, T., Brigo, L., Tirinato, L., Pagliari, F., Gandin, A., Contessotto, P., Giugni, A. and Brusatin, G., 2021. Three-dimensionally two-photon lithography realized vascular grafts. Biomedical Materials, 16(3), p.035013.
Liu, N., Ye, X., Yao, B., Zhao, M., Wu, P., Liu, G., Zhuang, D., Jiang, H., Chen, X., He, Y. and Huang, S., 2021. Advances in 3D bioprinting technology for cardiac tissue engineering and regeneration. Bioactive Materials, 6(5), pp.1388-1401.
Lu, M., Wang, Z., Zhan, X. and Wei, Y., 2021. Obstructive sleep apnea increases the risk of cardiovascular damage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of imaging studies. Systematic reviews, 10(1), pp.1-23.
Nappi, F., Nenna, A., Larobina, D., Martuscelli, G., Singh, S.S.A., Chello, M. and Ambrosio, L., 2021. The Use of Bioactive Polymers for Intervention and Tissue Engineering: The New Frontier for Cardiovascular Therapy. Polymers, 13(3), p.446.
Pardo, A., Gómez-Florit, M., Barbosa, S., Taboada, P., Domingues, R.M. and Gomes, M.E., 2021. Magnetic Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering: Design Concepts and Remote Actuation Strategies to Control Cell Fate. ACS nano, 15(1), pp.175-209.
Park, K. and Cha, J.M., 2021. 3D-Bioprinting Strategies Based on In Situ Bone-Healing Mechanism for Vascularized Bone Tissue Engineering. Micromachines, 12(3), p.287.
Schwarz, E.L., Kelly, J.M., Blum, K.M., Hor, K.N., Yates, A.R., Zbinden, J.C., Verma, A., Lindsey, S.E., Ramachandra, A.B., Szafron, J.M. and Humphrey, J.D., 2021. Hemodynamic performance of tissue-engineered vascular grafts in Fontan patients. NPJ Regenerative medicine, 6(1), pp.1-17.
Sekine, H. and Okano, T., 2021. Capillary Networks for Bio-Artificial Three-Dimensional Tissues Fabricated Using Cell Sheet Based Tissue Engineering. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(1), p.92.
Tenreiro, M.F., Louro, A.F., Alves, P.M. and Serra, M., 2021. Next generation of heart regenerative therapies: progress and promise of cardiac tissue engineering. NPJ Regenerative Medicine, 6(1), pp.1-17.
Yu, R., Zhang, H. and Guo, B., 2022. Conductive Biomaterials as Bioactive Wound Dressing for Wound Healing and Skin Tissue Engineering. Nano-Micro Letters, 14(1), pp.1-46.
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