BU52014/BU52020/ BU52036/ BU52037/BU53003 Sample – Summer Project Report 2022
1. Background of the research
Leadership is extremely essential in international business while it has been observed that without effective leadership skills it will be extremely critical to operate the business of an international organization. On a broader note, it may be implied that leadership plays a vital role in enhancing the productivity of an international organization although it has been mentioned that it is the responsibility of the management of an international organization to establish an effective leadership style which helps to motivate the employees in the organization.
In addition to that, effective leadership always creates a positive impact to influence the employees of an organization which helps to achieve the organizational goals of the company in the long term (Ibrahim and Daniel, 2019). Moreover, it may be stated that an effective leadership style of an international organization helps to influence and boost up the confidence of employees which may create a positive impact in improving the overall productivity and performance of the international organization.
Apart from that, if the management of an international organization fails to establish an effective leadership style then it may create a fatalistic impact in achieving the organizational goals of the company which indicates the impact of leadership in an international organization.
It may be opined that in international business the quality of the products affect the brand value of the organization while it has been observed that it is extremely essential to establish an effective leadership to improve the productivity of the firm which also enhances the quality of the products.
Furthermore, it may be stated that an ineffective style is the main reason for less organizational engagement of employees which needs to be resolved by implementing an effective leadership style which will be beneficial for the growth of an international business of an organization. In addition to that, organizational commitment or engagement play a crucial role to recognize the behaviour of employees in an international organization while one of the best ways to increase the engagement of employees is to establish effective leadership which improves the motivation level of employees (Daibat, 2017).
One of the biggest benefits of effective leadership style is that it helps to establish an effective communication in the organization while effective communication plays a crucial role in maintaining the growth of an international organization. Moreover, it may be stated that the management of an international organization may implement different leadership styles which helps to operate the entire business of an international organization.
It may be envisioned that an effective leadership style may create a positive impact in the organizational culture of the company while it has been mentioned that without an effective leadership style it is extremely difficult to maintain a healthy organizational culture.
On a similar note, it may be implied that effective leadership creates a beneficial impact in the organizational culture and climate of an organization which increases the job satisfaction of employees (Riyanto and Panggabean, 2019). Furthermore, it may be defined that one of the biggest benefits of effective leadership styles is that it increases the competitive advantage of an international organization which affects the international expansion of an organization.
In addition to that, the main role of effective leadership styles is to improve the decision making process of the management of the international organization which creates a significant impact on the growth of the international organization. Additionally, it may be derived that effective leadership style is extremely essential to resolve the current issues and difficulties of the business of an international organization.
Moreover, it may be implied that one of the main approaches of effective leadership styles is to implement impactful initiatives which will be extremely essential in resolving the issues of the organization.
It may be derived that ineffective leadership may play a crucial role in improving the productivity and performance of the employees in an international organization while it has been mentioned that without effective leadership it will be extremely difficult to improve the overall productivity and performance of the organization. On the hand, it may be argued that leadership is the valuable asset of an organization while the success and failure of an organization is depended on the leadership styles of an organization.
One of the main approaches of effective leadership style is that it plays an essential role in establishing a vision, determination and dimension, strategies which may create a great impact in enhancing the organizational performance of an organization (Khajeh, 2018). Furthermore, it may be derived that it is the responsibility of the management of the international organization to resolve the issues and challenges of international business through implementing different leadership styles such as transactional, transformational and many more.
On the contrary, it may be implied that it is extremely essential to deal with conflict issues which may arise in an international organization and harm the entire business of the organization.
It may be derived that conflicts may occur in an international organization due to ineffective leadership while it has been observed that the management of an international organization needs to establish an effective leadership style to establish a healthy relationship between the employees and the management of the organization.
On the contrary, it may be derived that an international organization needs to implement an effective style which will be extremely impactful to increase the motivation and engagement of the team. Moreover, it may be noted that the engagement and motivation level of employees is extremely essential for the success of the international business even though increasing the engagement and motivation level of employees helps to increase the productivity of the organization.
Moreover, it may be stated that the leaders of an organization play a vital role in enhancing the motivation and engagement of employees while transformational leaders enhance the perception of employees which helps to promote the engagement and motivation level of employees (Mughal and Iraqi, 2020). One of the biggest advantages of effective leadership in international business is that it helps to find effective ways which may help to create a beneficial impact in the growth of the international business of an organization.
It is required to be opined that the management of an international organization needs to follow several leadership theories according to the organizational structure of the company while an effective leadership style also helps to change the organizational structure which may ensure the growth of the international business of an organization.
On a broader note, it may be derived that leadership behaviour is also important while it helps to evaluate the present and future conditions of an organization while an effective leadership style affects the organizational culture and overall outcomes of the organization (Othman et al., 2019). In addition to that, an effective style of leadership also ensures the long term success of the international business of an organization which indicates the importance of effective leadership in international business.
Additionally, it may be derived that it is the duty of the management of the organization to ensure the growth of the business of an organization by implementing effective leadership styles. Leadership plays a vital role in the success of international business even though it may be stated that without proper leadership in an organization one will not be able to expand the international business. In this research, the impact of different leadership styles in international business will be discussed in detail.
2. Aim of the research
- To identify the impacts of ineffective leadership in international business
- To recognize the poor impact of ineffective leadership styles which harm the international business policy of an organization
- To identify the main issues in international business that need to be solved by implementing effective leadership styles
- To recognize the beneficial impacts of transformational and transactional leadership styles in international business
3. Research Questions
The research questions for the research process are as follows:-
- What is the importance of leadership in the context of international business?
- Why trait leadership theory as an approach used by the management of an international organization?
- What is the significance of contingency leadership theory in influencing the growth of the business of an international organization?
- How an effective leadership style helps to increase the overall productivity and performance of an international organization by designing a global business strategy?
- What are the impacts of power and influence theory in ensuring the growth of the business of an international organization?
- How an effective leadership style helps to make a quick and fast decision process in an international business?
4. Importance of the research
It may be derived that the research process will be extremely useful to evaluate the impact of leadership in international business while it has been observed that the research is extremely important to recognize the beneficial impact of effective leadership style in the international business of an organization.
On the other hand, it may be noted that one of the prime features of the effective leadership styles is that it may include the emotional intelligence which is extremely essential to handle the entire business of an international organization. Moreover, it may be imposed that the behaviour of the leadership may consist of several dimensions of emotional intelligence such as self-knowledge, self-management, self -awareness and many more while self-awareness and self-management have an intimate relationship (Abdullahi et al., 2020).
Moreover, it may be argued that it is extremely difficult to increase the bonding between the employees and management of the organization without effective leadership which may create a harmful effect in the international expansion of the organization. One of the biggest benefits of the leadership is that it may resolve the critical challenges and issues of the international business of an organization which indicates the significance of the leadership in the international business.
It is the duty of the management of an international organization to define the job role to employees while it has been observed that the leaders of an organization may implement different leadership styles which may create a great impact in enhancing the commitment of employees which resulted in the growth of the business in the international market.
On the other hand, it may be derived that without an effective leadership style it is extremely difficult to make fast and impactful decisions while one of the main approaches of effective leadership is to establish the quick decision making process which increases the growth of the business of an international organization.
In addition to that, the management of an international organization may use different tops of leadership styles such as transformational and transactional which may be extremely essential to increase the satisfaction level of customers, however, customer satisfaction is one of the most important factors which increase the brand value of an international organization.
Along with that, effective leadership of an organization may help to improve the organizational performance while improving organizational performance may help to increase the customer satisfaction while a leader may use democratic, transformational, situational and contingency styles of leadership to enhance the customer satisfaction (Genç and Karadirek, 2018).
It may be derived that job satisfaction is extremely essential in an organization while it has been observed that ineffective leadership may decrease the job satisfaction of employees which may harm the overall production of an international organization.
It may be envisioned that transformational leadership is extremely impactful in increasing the job satisfaction of employees while it has been observed that transformational leaders may use different initiatives to increase the job satisfaction of employees in an international organization. On a specific note it may be asserted that transformational leadership style is more impactful than any other leadership styles which help to enhance the employee engagement, job satisfaction and overall performance of employees in an organization (Asghar and Oino, 2017).
Moreover, it may be implied that a transformational leader may have the self-awareness and quick decision making skills which may create a beneficial impact to establish an organizational structure which ensures the growth of the business of an international organization. Furthermore, it may be argued that the management of the company needs to implement the transformational leadership styles which increases the global strategic thinking of an international organization and may result in ultimate growth of the business.
It may be noted that failure of communication is one of the main issues which creates a negative impact on international business. In addition to that, ineffective leadership also demotivates employees of an organization while demotivated employees will not be able to enhance the productivity of an organization.
Leadership has a significant influence in international business even though it has been observed that effective leadership will help to enhance the motivation of employees which will be extremely essential for the success of the international business. It may be mentioned that there is an intimate relationship between leadership styles and organizational performance which indicates the importance of leadership in international management.
In addition to that, leadership also influences the organizational culture even though a healthy organizational culture creates a positive effect in international business (Khajeh, 2018). Moreover, it may be implied that transformational leadership styles are extremely effective to mitigate the issues of miscommunication although it will help to increase the motivation of employees which resulted in the success of the international business.
Additionally, it may be derived that leadership plays an essential role that helps to enhance the team building, creativity and innovation of an organization (Hughes et al., 2018).
It may be implied that cultural diversity is the prime feature of an international organization while the main approach of an effective leadership style is to maintain cultural diversity in a fruitful way. On a contradictory note, it may be derived that an ineffective leadership may create a poor impact in maintaining the cultural diversity of an organization.
However, it is the duty of the leaders of an organization to implement several initiatives to maintain the cultural diversity otherwise it may create conflicts which may harm the organization culture and the entire business process of the international organization. On a similar note, it may be derived that ineffective leadership is one of the main reasons which created a poor impact on the quality of products of the international organization which may ruin the international business policy of the company.
However, an effective leadership always helps to maintain the quality of the products by implementing a quality management which ensures the growth of the international organization. Moreover, it may be envied that it is extremely essential to build an effective team for international business while an effective leadership plays a crucial role in developing an effective team which stimulates the international business policy of an organization.
It may be derived that the ladders of an international organization may use transactional leadership while transactional leaders may implement the reward process to motivate the employees which create a positive impact in improving the overall performance of an international organization.
On the contrary, it may be envisioned that the job satisfaction of the employees depends on the leadership styles of an organization even though transactional leaders motivate the employees to improve the job satisfaction level of employees (Abdullah and Azzahra, 2021).
In addition to that, job satisfaction and motivation of employees are the two crucial factors which help to increase the competitive advantage of the business of an organization in the global market. Moreover, it may be derived that it is extremely essential to make an effective business strategy to sustain in the international market while an effective leadership style helps to execute an effective way which assures the growth of an international organization.
It may be stated that, it is extremely essential to manage the employees of the organization to expand the business of an organization, while an ineffective leadership may fail to manage the huge employee base of an international organization. In addition to that, it is the duty of the management of an organization to establish effective leadership which will help to manage the employees of an international organization in a fruitful way.
Along with that, it is the responsibility of the management of an international organization to identify the issues in international business, however, transformational and transactional leadership styles are extremely impactful in unifying the main issues which may ruin the entire business process of an international organization.
Additionally, it may be derived that if the issue of an international organization may not be resolved then it may create a fatalistic effect in achieving the goals of the international organization. Moreover, it may be evaluated that the proper implementation of effective leadership is extremely significant to operate the international business in a fruitful way.
5. Theoretical framework
Leadership in international business is necessary in order to make a company sustain in the competitive market as successful leadership enables growth of the company. On a broader note, it may be stated that leadership creates all the difference between a successful company and a not so successful company through which the effectiveness of the leadership has been understood.
The main objective of effective leadership is to show the right path to the subordinates so that the subordinates are able to perform better leading to personal growth as well as the overall growth of the organization. On the other hand, it may be argued that the main objective of leadership is to support the employees at each and every step so that the employees feel motivated to take up new challenges.
The presence of effective leadership in an international organization is a key to the growth of the organization as it is responsible for extracting the highest level of productivity from the employees. Moreover, it may be mentioned that the rise in complexities revolving around businesses has increased the need for effective leadership so that the businesses are able to resolve key issues at a fast pace.
The growing interest of organizations to be involved in innovations has made the need for knowledge-oriented leadership significant, therefore, the innovation process may be carried out effectively (Naqshbandi and Jasimuddin, 2018).
Transformational leadership is the most effective form of leadership in most international business scenarios as the main intention of transformational leadership is to install change in an employee by making them improve their work process. The transformational style of leadership may help leaders become exceptional in guiding the employees as it is mostly about motivating the employees to try harder in an attempt to become a better version of them.
The transformational style of leadership is more effective in developed countries with innovative characteristics rather than in group-oriented and depressed cultures because of the charismatic personality of transformational leadership (Budur, 2020). Transformational leadership focuses on understanding the motives of the employees and satisfying the needs of the employees, therefore, increasing the job satisfaction of the employees.
On the other hand, it may be argued that valuing the needs of the employees is necessary for making the employees understand that their contributions towards the organization are taken into consideration, as a result of which the employees feel motivated. The transformational form of leadership is particularly helpful in case of international businesses as it enables the businesses to be carried out efficiently by overcoming all obstacles.
In this modern era, an effective leadership style may create a positive impact on the success of international business although it has been observed that transactional leadership style is also helpful to motivate the employees of an organization.
On the other hand, a poor leadership style may hamper the production of an organization while proper leadership management will ensure the success of an organization. On the other hand, it may be argued that transformational leadership is one of the effective leadership styles which establish effective communication to address the strengths and weaknesses of international business (Bonsu and Danso, 2018).
Trait theory
The trait theory associated with leadership suggests that leaders have certain common traits as a result of which the leaders are able to become effective in guiding the employees. Earlier, it was believed that leaders are born, however, the belief has changed at this point suggesting that leaders are made and leadership is not a skill that is acquired at birth.
The trait theory of leadership suggests that certain measures may be undertaken by leaders in order to polish their leadership skills so that the leaders become effective in managing a team. The main agenda of trait theory is to identify traits and theories that a leader needs to incorporate because of which the leaders will be able to become better at performing their duties.
The trait theory of leadership suggests that an effective measure of the quality of leadership stems from the ability of one leader to shape future leaders as it highlights the guiding power of a leader (Shafique and Beh, 2017). The trait theory of leadership may be integrated within the theoretical framework as it mentions integrity, empathy, assertiveness and decision-making skills as some of the important qualities of a leader, therefore, suggesting that leaders need to incorporate those particular qualities.
Contingency theory
The contingency theory suggests that there is no particular form of leadership that is correct as the leadership style to be applied in an organization needs to be determined based on the situation. On a broader note, it may be mentioned that the contingency theory of leadership is used as a theoretical framework because it revolves around the fact that a situation has the capability to influence leadership with different situations demanding different leadership styles.
Autocratic leadership is necessary in the military to implement quick decisions as the autocratic style of leadership saves a lot of time invested in decision-making by depending on the autocratic leader to make all the decisions. On the contrary, the democratic style of leadership is best suited in organizations that require a lot of innovations as the role of a democratic leader are to support innovative and unique ideas.
The contingency theory of leadership attempts to understand organizational culture so that it may be determined which leadership style is best suited in a particular organization to cater to the needs of the employees in that organization (Abba et al., 2018).
Power and influence theory
The power and influence theory is involved in the theoretical framework as it attempts to understand the leadership style best suited in an organization by analysing the way in which the leaders exert power and influence, therefore, work may be done successfully within the organization. The power and influence theory indicates that the leaders may use their power in order to reward employees, therefore, making the employees feel motivated to work harder.
On the other hand, it may be argued that the leaders often use coercive power to make employees perform certain tasks in order to attain a particular goal so that organizational growth is facilitated. However, it may be stated that the use of coercive power is often associated with negative impact on the employees as coercion leads to the creation of resentment among employees.
In military leadership, the presence of a clear rank structure is necessary in order to understand the power present at different levels and the roles and responsibilities associated with that power so that each individual is able to fulfil their relevant duties (Reiley et al., 2018). Furthermore, it may be opined that every leader needs to develop expert power or the power that is associated with being an expert in a particular job as it helps in having a stronger influence over the subordinates.
6. Research method and analysis
The data collected for the research will be mainly secondary data as it will be collected from secondary sources on the internet such as trusted company websites and journal articles on the related topic. It may be noted that the secondary data for the research will be mainly obtained from the internet as the internet is the biggest hub for acquiring secondary data on a wide range of topics.
On the other hand, it may be argued that the advancement of technology has enabled everyone to acquire secondary data easily from the internet so that the knowledge about a particular topic is expanded. The collection of secondary data will render richness to the quality of the research as secondary data is often collected from journal articles based on previous research on a similar topic.
Moreover, it may be stated that the collection of secondary data helps in gaining knowledge about the way in which previous research was conducted so that the current research may be conducted effectively. The major benefit of collecting secondary data is that it takes less time to collect than primary data as it is a less complex process of data collection without involving any participants (Johhson and Sylvia, 2018).
The secondary method of data collection provides data which is relevant as the data has been collected from journal articles or trusted websites related to the topic. The authenticity of secondary data is high as the data is often collected from journal articles which have made use of primary data in order to conduct research on the same or at least a similar topic.
On the contrary, it may be mentioned that the secondary method of data collection indicates that the data for the particular research has been collected in a cost-effective manner as secondary data collection requires a minimum budget. Secondary data may be easy to collect and utilized in various ways, however, it may be stated that the collection of secondary data involves evaluative steps and a systematic procedure as it aids in the collection of relevant data (Martins et al., 2018).
Furthermore, it may be opined that a major challenge associated with the collection of secondary data is obtaining relevant information owing to the vast availability of secondary data from which the required information needs to be derived.
The philosophy of positivism will be applied in collecting and analyzing secondary data as the philosophy revolves around providing in-depth information about the topic. It may be noted that the positivism philosophy is associated with interpreting the data obtained in the research so that the data yields an effective conclusion.
On a similar note, it may be mentioned that positivism philosophy deals with detailed descriptions about the research topic, therefore, leading towards a better understanding of the key concepts involved in the topic. Furthermore, it may be opined that the deductive approach will be applied to conduct this research as it mainly revolves around either confirming or rejecting a particular theory.
The research will be dedicated towards conducting a detailed literature review on the impact of leadership in international business so that various theories may be formulated which need to be confirmed or rejected at the end. It may be noted that the deductive approach will enable the formulation of hypotheses so that the hypotheses are either confirmed or rejected after careful observation and analysis. The use of deductive approach in content analysis is beneficial as it offers the enhancement of knowledge which exists about a particular topic (Pandey, 2019).
Secondary data is usually analyzed with the help of thematic analysis as it is used to identify patterns or meanings in a particular set of data. Thematic analysis is conducted in order to find answers to the questions that are being addressed in the research, therefore, fulfilling the aims and objectives of the research.
On the other hand, it may be argued that thematic analysis is associated with finding patterns within the collected data because it mainly focuses on the process of familiarizing the data. Furthermore, it may be opined that the purpose of thematic analysis is to engage in coding the collected data along with the development of related themes which makes the process of finding results easy.
It may be noted that the approach towards thematic analysis is extremely flexible because it is mainly characterized by the subjectivity on part of the researcher. However, it may be stated that there are different versions of thematic analysis and each version has a unique underlying philosophy and different procedures for developing themes.
The main distinctive feature of thematic analysis from any other forms of data analysis is the flexibility it offers because it is free from a specific ontological or epistemological base (Terry et al., 2017).
Thematic analysis is imperative in producing results that have a clarity in its meaning as well as useful in various scenarios so that the data may be demonstrated as trustworthy. On a broader note, it may be mentioned that the analysis of the particular data needs to be done using systematic methods of analysis as it will help in delivering precise and consistent results.
Moreover, it may be stated that the use of a few sophisticated tools which are available for the research because it offers rigour and relevance to the process of thematic analysis. It may be noted that offering personal insights and examples are useful in conducting thematic analysis in an effective manner, therefore, increasing the trustworthiness of the analysis.
However, it may be asserted that thematic analysis requires a proper framework based on which the entire analysis is conducted so that the thematic analysis of the collected data is accurate. On the other hand, it may be argued that thematic analysis is conducted by offering guidance, interpretation and representation on textual data as a result of which the credibility of thematic analysis is maintained. Additionally, it may be noted that data analysis is an integral part of any research as it helps in coming to a significant conclusion which supports the key findings of the research (Maguire and Delahunt, 2017).
The major advantage of thematic analysis is the easy approach that needs to be applied towards it, therefore, the process of thematic analysis is easy for everyone. Thematic analysis involves the generation of new themes so that the data may be grouped under various themes after data coding is done successfully. Furthermore, it may be opined that after grouping the data under relevant themes, sub-themes need to be developed because it will help in organising the data in a better manner.
On the contrary, it may be asserted that after grouping the data under relevant themes reviewing and revising the themes is necessary so that each theme remains distinct and contains enough data. On a similar note, it may be declared that the themes that are identical need to be clubbed together and themes not possessing enough data needs to be removed, therefore, making the themes relevant to the topic. It may be noted that a particular structure is a normal outcome of the thematic analysis because it is based on an interactive method of data interpretation (Neuendorf, 2018).
Additionally, it may be asserted that thematic analysis is required to be done by coherently representing the data, therefore, backing up the points that are being focused upon in the research.
The use of secondary data for conducting this research has been useful because it helped in gathering knowledge about the impact of leadership in different organisations. It may be noted that the impact of leadership in the case of international business has been understood as a result of collecting secondary data and analysing them using thematic analysis. On the other hand, it may be argued that analysing the secondary data given on trusted company websites provided an idea about the relevance of the different styles of leadership in different situations.
Moreover, the journal articles stated the influence of the different styles of leadership on the employees as it has been found that some leadership styles increase employee satisfaction while others do not. On the other hand, it may be argued that the trusted company websites gave an idea about the impact of leadership on the growth of international businesses as the annual reports gave an overview of the business revenue.
It may be noted that the use of thematic analysis has been integral to the research because the grouping of the collected data into specific themes has been significant in seeking answers to the research questions. Additionally, it may be stated that the use of rigorous methods in thematic analysis has enhanced the process, therefore, making the findings of the research more valuable (Castleberry and Nolen, 2018).
In the modern era, failure of communication and demotivation of the workforce are the two biggest issues of leadership which affect the internal business of an organization. It may be mentioned that the research process will use the secondary data collection method which will be extremely suitable to analyze the use of leadership in international business. Additionally, thematic data analysis will be used in this research process. Moreover, the data will be collected from scientific journals and trusted scientific websites.
7. Relevance of findings
The research will attract the attention of upcoming researchers who will be looking forward to conducting a fresh research on a similar topic as this research will be a good point of reference. The research will be relevant for providing a guideline to future research attempting to understand the impact to leadership in international business as this particular research will be dedicated towards analysing the impact of leadership in the enhancement and expansion of an international business.
On the other hand, it may be argued that the leaders willing to improve their leadership skills will find this research useful as it will help in contributing towards the development of the employees as well as the organisation. On a broader note, it may be mentioned that this particular research will be important for many international organisations as this research contains information related to the issue of leadership.
It may be noted that by referring to this research international organisations will be able to solve issues related to leadership as a result of which the functioning of an organisation will be facilitated without disruptions. It may be acknowledged that the research will definitely help many international organizations since it will address and resolve the issues of leadership in international business which will be extremely valuable for the success of these organizations.
On a similar note, it may be stated that the research will help international organisations understand the need for applying the appropriate leadership style so that the specific goals of an organisation are achieved.
Furthermore, it may be opined that the effective use of leadership styles will be learnt from this research as a result of which leaders will become prepared to apply relevant leadership styles according to the situation. It may be noted that this research will be a reference point for the upcoming researchers as well as leaders in analysing the traits and characteristics that a leader needs to develop, therefore, fulfilling the roles and responsibilities associated with leadership in an effective and efficient manner.
The research will provide an idea about the effectiveness of different styles of leadership such as transformational and transactional leadership because of which a positive impact is observed on international organisations. Furthermore, it may be opined that the impact of leadership on the growth and expansion of international business will be analysed from this particular research as it will help in aligning the leadership traits with the organisational goals.
On the other hand, it may be argued that the leaders who want to become more effective in future will be able to identify the traits as a result of which they will become better. This particular research will help in gaining an interpretive analysis of the themes identified while conducting data analysis as a result of which the themes will be effectively communicated to the readers.
On a similar note, it may be asserted that the international organisations will be able to address key issues in the organisation as the research will give a detailed idea about resolving organisational issues by improving the quality of leadership within an organisation. Additionally, it may be mentioned that the international organisations will be able to distinguish between the different styles of leadership and the right situation to use those styles in order to achieve maximum benefits.
Therefore, will the help of this research, international organization will apply different types of leadership styles as per the situation arose in the workplace through which the international organization will be able to increase their organizational productivity as well as individual goals of the employees.
8. References
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