Coastal Enhanced Weathering Assignment Sample
Introduction
The process known as the enhanced coastal weathering is stepped up by the spread of wholly ground rock and silica like basalt onto sea or land. The process speeds the chemical reaction within the water, air and stone. The method also removes the CO2 or carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and stores ocean alkalinity and carbonate minerals in the store. The E.W., or the enhanced weathering, is a collection of various theoretical proposals that aim to remove CO2. This is done by spreading the finely ground rock materials that are in a large quantity on the extensive sea surfaces, sea beaches and land areas. This is also known as C.D.R. or carbon dioxide removal technology (Gonzalez et al.,2021). Every year this process is done, and near about 1 billion tones of CO2 is being removed from the atmosphere. The methods of hastening the weathering process will be achieved theoretically by crushing and mining suitable rock in large numbers. This is done to increase the weathering rocks and the surface of the reaction. The accelerating process of consuming the Co2 weathering is done through a more significant number of expenses. They also impact the poor communities, and they also create damage to the environment. They also consume a high level of energy and water. The rocks which are suitable, like the carbonate minerals and silica, which are very rich in Magnesium and Calcium, including the stones which are rich in olivine and those of basaltic and mafic, and ultramafic rocks, are necessary to be compressed and mined and then to be diffused and transported.
Project proposal
The project proposal of the Coastal enhanced weathering suggests utilizing those materials that are waste like the wastes from the industries like the wastes from the production of steel and iron or scraps from the mine shadowing. These wastes are like the dust of cement kilns and steel slag from which the harmful pollutants may release. The spread of those minerals generally absorbs the co2, which is usually made to be anticipated for the environments of the coastal and marine parts. The process of this application is usually expected for those of various agricultural fields. There are multiple discussions done that say that these may be useful for farming activities and the fertility of soil fertility (Spence et al.,2021). These are a continuous utilization of stone meals for the conditioners of soil and many of the fertilizers. They are also being utilized for the soil structure and nutrients. They also affect the global attentiveness of atmospheric CO2. The process of enhanced weathering, especially in the environments based on the marine world and also linked with the O.A.E. or the ocean alkalinity enhancement. This is also involved adding those ground minerals to the ocean directly or throwing them inside the beaches. The natural process of rock weathering makes the absorption of near about 0.3 % of the earth’s fossil fuel emissions and enhances the function of co2 emissions removal from the weather. The demand of human beings based on the marine space and the marine resources is also being affected by the biodiversity of the marine area. There is also a need for a quantitative understanding of the increasing effects of co2 emissions on the marine world. The L.C.A. or the life cycle assessment is an understanding of the various impacts on the environment of different approaches and products. The method of L.C.A. was being developed to understand the impacts of multiple industries on the ecosystems and the freshwater. The marine world is currently lacking the correct set of environmental health. The coastal enhanced weathering solves the issues of ocean acidification and climate change. The approach of modelling is there to predict those distributions that are spatial and also based on the strengths of those interventions that are generally human-made. This approach is usually well-established and can also be used to develop the fate factors of the L.C.A. The modelling method is the process of quantifying the impacts of those human-made interventions on the biodiversity of the marine world (Goll et al.,2021). The process of coastal enhancement through waste management will help reduce the risk of environmental pollution and other pollutants, which impacts the marine world and the sea beaches. The process should add the L.C.A. process to understand the lifecycle of the biodiversity of the surrounding area of the coastal world (Rinder and von Hagke 2021). The project will also add various waste removal processes and life cycle assessments in the coastal regions. The project proposal will also be based on searching for those new technologies in waste management which will make the enhanced coastal weathering more effective. There will be more L.C.A. and experimental activities toward coastal enhanced weathering.
Project work plan
The project work plan is to reduce carbon emissions and properly utilize waste in Coastal enhanced weathering. Some processes can be added to this: recycling the scraps and checking the usage of various materials on the sea beaches. The work plan will help people drive less on the beaches and produce fewer wastes there. The production works or the industries near the sea beaches will be guided to have less production of harmful emissions. The hotels near the sea beaches should use fluorescent light bulbs. More produce is said to be recycled and reused. A new incineration process should be used in which the wastes are burned at a high temperature. In this process, the technology is being utilized, destroying the waste materials’ organic ingredients. The work plan will also add that new technology is done to the storage of Bio-energy with Carbon Capture or B.E.C.C.S. This also adds the function of O.C.S. or Ocean carbon Sequestration. This is a method of distributing the CO2 equally inside the ocean’s depth, which minimizes the risk of pollution impacts on the ocean surface. The methods of the O.C.S. are of two types ocean fertilization and direct injection (Jia et al.,2021). The work plan also adds the proper steps to reduce the risk of pollution inside the ocean. The people will be made aware of the decrease in the use of plastic bags, and they are also given instructions to follow the rules and regulations based on the control of the harmful items near the sea beach and oceans. The products are being ordered to be used and recycled well. The products full of microbeads should be avoided, and all the processes of reducing the pollution in the oceans and seas should be spread (Pongee et al.,2021). The project plan based on the enhanced coastal weathering all adds more methods of reducing the CO2 emissions from the coastal areas and the sea and oceans. The work plan will also add the understanding that the various rocks in the climates make an experience the highest rates and parts of enhanced weathering as this is dependent on the heavy rainfall and high level of heat as a whole.
The project work plan will also add.
- Spreading awareness about the process and benefits of coastal enhanced weathering
- Reducing the industry wastes from the coastal areas
- Method of reducing the carbon emissions
- Spreading awareness and making affective of global sustainability engineering
- Reducing the acidification of oceans
To get the project work plan done, there should be more activeness among all people to reduce the risk of environmental challenges. The process also includes the plantation of various trees and making the industries aware of the coastal areas’ pollution. There should be more research conducted to understand reducing the co2 emissions from the earth. The initiatives near the coastal area will also be made aware of utilizing clean energy and less utilization of fossil fuels in their projects (Tan and Aviso,2021). The various marine workers and companies should utilize the new method of networking and collaboration in this way. The hotels and industries near the coastal areas also will be provided guidance to use solar and wind energy for business purposes. The various output from the solar and wind replaces the generation of fossil fuels and will help reduce the co2 emissions. The NREL also has found that the utilization of 35 % of wind and solar energy will reduce the co2 emissions to 24 to 46 %. The project will also work on the various steps of reducing the co2 emissions from the coastal areas.
The project work plan will also add the various objectives of the project and the inventory related to this. In this, there will be added the gross profit margin return on the investment of the project or G.M.R.O.I., which will be = Gross profit margin / average cost of inventory that is on hand.
Including this, there will be ATP or amount available to promise, which will be = quantity of product on hand + supply (or planned orders) – demand (or sales orders)
and the I.T.R., which will be equal to COGS or Cost of goods sold (during the specified period / Average inventory during the period. The various expenses and list of the projects can be shown through a Gantt chart. The project will also assess multiple risks and unexpected expenditures that can come on the way. There will also be an evaluation of the various impacts of the project on the environment.
The various projects based on the coastal enhanced wreathing are also based on the techno-economic framework. In this, the project size and the modelling and designing of the process are made, and there is also an analysis done to have the perfect level of equipment. There is also an analysis done on the cost of the overall project and who will be the investors in this. The projects will also be done by utilizing a perfect technology that will be more cost-effective and efficient. The whole process will be mentioned by a Gantt chart.
Literature review
The coasts are very sensitive to various rises in sea levels, and they are also being affected by multiple changes in the intensity and frequency of various storms. They are also being affected by the increase in precipitation and ocean temperatures that are becoming warmer. With this, the rise in co2 or carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. These make various oceans absorb and take more gas into them and become more acidic. In the process of carbon-reducing in the coastal areas, there are the steps of C.C.S. or carbon capture and storage. This technology takes and receives various carbon emission sources and takes them underground. They also have the power to remove the co2 emissions of near 90 to 99 % from multiple industries (Suhrhoff 2022). They also impact those activities related to the procedures on energy. To reduce the carbon emissions from the oceans, there are procedures for enhancing ocean alkalinity and stripping of co2 from the seawater. There are also procedures for artificial downwelling. The increasing process of ocean alkalinity is done by melting various rocks and all other minerals through the direct or indirect method. This is done in the open ocean with an engineered system. The process will lead to building and making the sodium, calcium, and magnesium ions inside the seawater, and they also take co2 from those ions that are bicarbonate. On average, the Ph of the ocean is near about 8.1, which is full of alkaline, and in a case, if the sea makes for absorbing more levels of co2, the balance of Ph is decreased, and the ocean becomes more acidic. The process of hydraulic softening is also a method of reducing the co2 emissions from the sea and oceans, and this is a very cost-effective manner of removing the co2. These are also applied to various facilities of water treatment which are conventional (Vakilifard et al.,2021). There is also a procedure of artificial downwelling, and this is a solution based on the engineering of hypoxia in coastal areas. These processes are also done by the power of solar energy, wind energy, and more green energy. There is the utilization of tidal energy. Reducing co2 emissions from the oceans will be a positive step toward reducing water pollution. The Industries located near the sea should also use fewer chemicals in their production and positively utilize their energy usage. The industrial wastes should be moved to the underground sources, and they should be able to use those products which can be recycled. The oil spilt inside the ocean is also an excellent reason for pollution, and the risks of oil spills should be reduced. In the seas and oceans, there should be well-managed utilization of all-natural resources, and steps should be taken to minimize the exceeding co2 emissions in the sea.
Figure: CO2 removal process
Global sustainable engineering is a process of engineering in which all operating and designing will help support the utilization of energy and resources sustainably and keep their sustainability safe. The process takes initiatives to protect the natural environment and help protect the life and needs of the future generation. The process of sustainable engineering is a way to help support various industries and companies to generate more work opportunities to protect all kinds of sustainable energy. This is also a procedure that provides the various industries with methods of using and saving various energy sources and reducing co2 emissions. Here, the SEE or sustainable environmental engineering is a way or manner to research the E.E.I.S. Environmental engineering infrastructure system and make a proper design. Sustainable engineering is also a process of researching the various pollutants’ impact on the ocean and sea. In global sustainable engineering, enhanced coastal weathering is a way to protect the sea coasts from the co2 emissions. Human beings may need to remove a larger amount or more than of hundred gigatons of co2 from the atmosphere and the environment by 2030. The global is a critical issue that every human being is facing. The way has been recognized to accelerate the reactions of weather from those minerals that consume more of co2 (Rizzo et al.,2021). The accelerating process can be based on the macerating and distribution of these minerals on the sea or the land. It is called the E.W. or the enhanced weathering on land, and on the sea, it is called the O.A.E. or the ocean alkalinity enhancement. The enhanced weathering is also a process of accelerating and spreading various silicate rocks that are finely ground like basalt on the sea and the land. The process also upgrades the chemical reactions within the rocks and the air and water and removes the co2 emissions. These are then permanently stored in ocean alkalinity. The NOAA or the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have also taken initiatives to protect the sea and oceans from various kinds of pollutants. The enhanced coastal weathering is also a method that aims to accelerate that natural silica weathering. In this process, the co2 reacts with all rocks, and the process and method generally take years to proceed. The weathering of silicate in which the reaction happens within the silica rocks water and co2 and as a result, the rocks break down. The enhanced weathering breaks down the silicate rocks like basalt into tiny pieces, and they skip the process of slow weathering. This power can be spread into the land of agriculture, making the soil of different use. The process of coastal enhanced weathering will also utilize the process of soil remineralization, which is added to the enhanced weathering system. The process mixes the soil with crust rocks, and they become beneficiary for the crop and plants’ health. The power of basalt is also helpful to increase the resistance of the crops to many kinds of diseases and pests (Arun et al., 2021). They are also supportive of various kinds of trees. In this process, the L.C.A. or Life Cycle Assessment is done, which generally has the foundation of life cycle thinking. The process of L.C.A. is the evaluation and assessment of various inputs and outputs of the environment and all those impacts related to the life cycle of the environment. The L.C.A. process will also analyze the scoping and goal development in the coastal enhanced weathering and management and inventory analysis, assessment of various impacts and understanding of the environment management. The L.C.A. process will also help to understand the need of the works that are to be done to get the objectives of the various projects received, and they also define various tasks, milestone costs, time and dateline of the projects. The process will add all the analysis of the inventory of the projects done for the enhanced weathering (Stubbs et al.,2021). They will add the raw materials used and the outcome of the projects. Various geoengineering experiments have also been done in the enhanced coastal weathering. The process reduces the greenhouse gases from the overall atmosphere through the manipulation on a large scale, and this is also called the process of C.D.R. or carbon dioxide removal. Many more techniques have been utilized to manage the coastal enhanced weathering process (Ferderer et al.,2021). this process also studies the main causes of increasing GHG emissions. There are also various modelling approaches to reducing the GHG emissions from the atmosphere and adding more initiatives in the enhanced weathering of the coastal area. Various agricultural lands will get support from the enhanced weathering process. The various breakdown of the minerals and chemicals in the soil and even in the mountain always help remove the co2 from the atmosphere and the environment. They also make the transformation of various stable minerals on the planet’s surface and the sediments of the oceans (Liu 2021). The enhanced weathering in the coastal areas will significantly reduce the risk of the negative effects of GHG emissions. The process also improves the quality of soil, which makes the soil fertile. Various new technical practices have been added to enhance the weathering process, like tree plantation and forestation. Restoration of various wetlands and sequestration of soil carbon. They also use the process of carbon capture storage and bioenergy and the storage of direct air capture. The process also controls the earth’s temperature and makes the atmosphere cooler. Various countries like America, Asia, and China are utilizing the various enhanced weathering processes, and they have done a good amount of expenditure on this. In the U.S., it costs about $ 200 only. The process also improves the rain and cold weather system in those areas where the weather is hotter.
Conclusion
Coastal enhanced weathering is a concept of making the weather free from any pollutants and making it better. The process removes the CO2 ad GHG emissions from the seawater and the sea coasts. In this way, the areas or the industries surrounded by the sea should also take more effective initiatives. They should reduce their industry wastes and arrange proper drainage systems to remove debris that can be dissolved underground. There should also be a reduction in plastic usage, and garbage should not be thrown in such areas. There should also be an adaption of green technologies in various industries. The enhanced weathering also improves the soil capacity, and people can also use them for harvesting. There should also be less utilization of chemicals in the fields of crops as this can also impact the enhanced weathering process. Human beings should reduce their activities of burning fossil fuels and coal, and they should now use more clean and green energy. All the people worldwide should take initiatives together to give the process of enhanced weathering more success.
References
Arun, K., Balakrishna, K., Amrish, V.N., Udayashankar, H.N., Manjunatha, B.R. and Khare, N., 2022. Chemical denudation in a small mountainous-coastal river in the tropics: Insights from Kali River, Southwestern India. Applied Geochemistry, p.105198.
Goll, D.S., Ciais, P., Amann, T., Buermann, W., Chang, J., Eker, S., Hartmann, J., Janssens, I., Li, W., Obersteiner, M. and Penuelas, J., 2021. Potential CO2 removal from enhanced weathering by ecosystem responses to powdered rock. Nature Geoscience, 14(8), pp.545-549.
Ferderer, A., Chase, Z., Kennedy, F., Schulz, K.G. and Bach, L.T., 2022. We are assessing the influence of ocean alkalinity enhancement on a coastal phytoplankton community. Biogeosciences Discussions, pp.1-36.
Jia, X., Zhang, Z., Wang, F., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Aviso, K.B., Foo, D.Y., Nair, P.N.S.B., Tan, R.R. and Wang, F., 2022. Regional carbon drawdown with enhanced weathering of non-hazardous industrial wastes. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 176, p.105910.
Liu, F., 2021. Effects of Nickel and Silicon Content on the Corrosion Inhibition of Weathering Steels in Simulated Coastal Environments. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci, 16, p.151017.
Pongee von Strandmann, P.A., Jones, M.T., West, A.J., Murphy, M.J., Stokke, E.W., Tarbuck, G., Wilson, D.J., Pearce, C.R. and Schmidt, D.N., 2021. Lithium isotope evidence for enhanced weathering and erosion during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Science advances, 7(42), p.eabh4224.
Rinder, T. and von Hagke, C., 2021. The influence of particle size on the potential of enhanced basalt weathering for carbon dioxide removal-Insights from a regional assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 315, p.128178
Rizzo, M., Corbau, C., Lane, B., Malkin, S.Y., Bezzi, V., Vaccaro, C. and Nardin, W., 2021. We are examining the dependence of macroplastic fragmentation on coastal processes (Chesapeake Bay, Maryland). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 169, p.112510.
Spence, E., Cox, E. and Pidgeon, N., 2021. Exploring cross-national public support for the use of enhanced weathering as a land-based carbon dioxide removal strategy. Climatic change, 165(1), pp.1-18.
Stubbs, A.R., Paulo, C., Power, I.M., Wang, B., Zeyen, N. and Wilson, S.A., 2022. Direct measurement of CO2 drawdown in mine wastes and rock powders: Implications for enhanced rock weathering. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 113, p.103554.
Schroff, T.J., 2022. Phytoprevention of Heavy Metal Contamination From Terrestrial Enhanced Weathering: Can Plants Save the Day. Front. Clim. 3: 820204. DOI: 10.3389/claim.
Tan, R.R. and Aviso, K.B., 2021. On lifecycle sustainability optimization of enhanced weathering systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 289, p.125836.
Vakilifard, N., Kantzas, E.P., Holden, P.B. and Beerling, D.J., 2021. The role of enhanced rock weathering deployment with agriculture in limiting future warming and protecting coral reefs. Environmental Research Letters, 16(9), p.094005.
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