Assignment Sample on Effects of Lifestyle on Health

Introduction

Topic background

Hypertension can be considered as a chronic medical condition for which excess increase of blood pressure is responsible for significant enhancement of kidney, brain and other diseases. Data provides information that near about 1.28 billion adults living in low and middle-income countries between age group 30 and 79 are affected by hypertension (Who.int, 2021). However, 46% among them are not aware of their condition and this is a major consequence for acquiring due to hypertension. As cited by Qian (2018), prevalence of premature death is high all across the globe due to hypertension as only 42% of the total affected population are diagnosed and treated properly. In order to analyse data, it can be revealed that one out of five adults that is about 21% have been treated with high authenticity even affected by vulnerability of hypertension. However, World Health Organisation (WHO) aims to reduce this high issue of non-communicable disease by about 33% by 2030 (Who.int, 2021).

High blood pressure occurs when there is imbalance between systolic and diastolic pressure and there is also a difference in heartbeats. Usually, when the systolic pressure is greater than equals to 140mmHg are and diastolic pressure is greater than equals to 90mmHg, the condition is referred to as hypertension (Who.int, 2021). Consumption of excessive salt, lack of physical activity, consumption of saturated fats, intake of tobacco and alcohol and overweight are major risk factors of hypertension globally. Other than these, family history of hypertension and co-occurrence with diabetes and kidney disease are viable factors for hypertension (Beaney et al. 2018). In case of uncontrolled hypertension, supply of oxygen in heart is blocked that in turn a major reason for stroke. In UK, 21% of male population along with 26% of women population suffers from hypertension and they are not treated properly (Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk, 2018). Globally almost 972 million people are suffering from hypertension. There are multiple barriers of hypertension such as inconsistent or poor techniques of blood-pressure measurement, masked hypertension, poor participation of patients in self-management behaviours and clinical inertia.

Mankind is suffering from different mental diseases and premature death is a common thing now. As cited by Kashino et al. (2020), a large number of people die due to hypertension; this disease increases blood pressure of human body. High blood pressure damages blood vessels, heart, kidneys, and such valuable organs that lead to heart attack. As cited by Kario et al. (2020), different issues arise in the human body for hypertension and a lot of people are suffering from low vision. Unhealthy diet is the main reason for this disease and it is necessary to take healthy diet to sustain human body for a long period.

Most of the people have become too busy in their daily life that fast food consumption has been increased by people that increase blood pressure of human body. As opined by Kirkland et al. (2018), a lot of people are suffering from poverty and unemployment is increasing day by day and they are suffering from mental health problems. According to Kario et al. (2019), poor mental support from family, friends, and society is a reason for increasing blood pressure. A large number of women’s have faced complications during pregnancy for hypertension and sexual dysfunction caused by this disease.

Identification of challenges and explanations

Hypertension is a major challenge in case of low and middle-income countries due to excessive mental pressure and poor earning level. World Health Organisation (WHO) represents data that prevalence of hypertension in African regions is 27% whereas the prevalence is only 18% in American countries (Who.int, 2021).

Disease challenge

Challenges related to hypertension in regards to disease all across the globe are enlisted below:

• Chest pain or angina is a common challenge for population all across the globe who has been affected due to hypertension due to lack of blood flow in heart (Who.int, 2021).
• Heart muscles are blocked due to hypertension as sufficient amount of oxygen is not supplied through blood vessels. As a result, heart attack is a common challenge for patients suffering from hypertension with persistent damage in heart muscle.
• Failure of heart is a common consequence for the global population affected by hypertension as enough oxygen as well as blood is not supplied in surrounding organs (Who.int, 2021).
• Stroke occurs regularly for the persons affected through hypertension and irregular heartbeat is a major cause of sudden death because of artery burst or blockage.
• Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a fatal disease that occurs due to hypertension as swelling of blood vessels occurs in between chest and tummy with high probability of rupture in artery structure (Nhs.uk, 2021).
• There are several risk factors of hypertension such as age, race, using tobacco, less potassium in diet, being overweight, excessive salt in diet, and family history.
• The primary risks of hypertension are dementia, trouble with memory, metabolic syndrome, and heart attract.
• Hypertension does not have any symptoms due to which people can face stroke and heart disease.

People are unaware about Hypertension disease and almost 44 % of patients of high blood pressure arte unable to identify at preliminary stages. As per the opinion of Shin et al. (2020), hypertension is reason for premature death and it is controlled by taking a healthy diet. During the pandemic situation a large number of employees have lost their jobs and are suffering from poverty. It is harder to take healthy foods or consult a health specialist during this crisis. As cited by Mair et al. (2020), fast food industry is one of the fast throwing industries but consuming fast food increases blood pressure of human body. People have started to consume substitute foods that have reduced consumption of natural foods.

Economic challenge

Low and middle-income countries have huge economic burdens due to high burden of hypertension. In the words of Schutte et al. (2021), only 8% of the total affected population in low and middle-income countries are recovered from hypertension. Economic hardship has been faced by the countries due to excessive healthcare costs and reduction in inequality gap becomes quite impossible. Physicians have also faced many challenges due to high patient ratio and lack of sufficient medical types of equipment for helping them. In support of this statement, Devos and Menard (2019) pointed out that UK has greater risk of hypertension as one out of three people are suffered from this. Evidence suggests that £2 billion are spent annually in UK for preventing the viability of hypertension among population. Global data on hypertension has provided information that $48.6 billion is spent annually to take care the patients having hypertension (Bigna and Noubiap, 2021). Controlling premature death is quite cost-effective and national economy of any country has been disrupted due to such consequences.

Discussion

Review of previous literature

Hypertension is an international burden as it has increased both the morbidity and mortality levels across the globe. As per the opinion of Østergaard et al. (2021), cost of society has been increased potentially because of excessive challenge of hypertension and viability of cardiovascular disease and kidney diseases are increased because of this. As mentioned by Unger et al. (2020), Paraguay has the highest rate of hypertension cases all across the globe that is about 62%. In Australia, UK and Canada, the lowest rate of hypertension is reported because of proper health management system and stable income of all (Song et al. 2019). Other than this, women are suffered more from the viability of disease than the men. Proper control is required as hypertension is the greatest contributor to cardiovascular diseases all across the globe with high mortality rate through its attributes (Schutte et al. 2021).

The above graph has shown data that 11% of men living in England are suffered due to hypertension whereas the same diseases affect 10% of total women population. Therefore, prevalence of hypertension in UK is greater among male population of UK than that of women population of this country (Statista.com, 2019). However, 6% of men along with 5% of women are not properly aware of this disease and it is a major problem for excessive spreading of disease. In order to control the disease prevalence, NHS has proposed policies that in turn can be helpful to reduce burden of disease. According to Pascall and Tulloh (2018), Health Equity Audit Guidance is helpful to diagnose 39.9% population within 5 years and recovery from disease has been achieved. Other than this, British Heart Foundation (BHF) develops Heart Age Tool for self–assessment of disease viability and this is potentially helpful.

Competition among students and people has increased and it is hard to manage their mental issues. As opined by Soubeiga et al. (2017), extra pressure of office and lack of work life balance creates obsession and depression in people’s mind which leads to increased blood pressure. A large number of patients are isolated during a pandemic that has increased hypertension and many of them have died due to heart attack. According to Tesfaye et al. (2019), conflict among people in society has increased because most of them are suffering from hypertension. People do not take seriously this increasing blood pressure that most of them are suffering for their negligence. Lifestyle modification is important to reduce the impact of hypertensions. There is a requirement of healthy diet rich in low-fat dairy products, vegetables, fruits, and grains. There are multiple factors of lifestyle such as exercise, nutrition, sleep and mental wellbeing. Hypertension can be controlled with healthy and effective diet and physical activities. There are multiple ways to control hypertension such as exercise regularly, eat healthy diet, reduce the amount of sodium, ignore smoking, and reduce stress. The major impact of lifestyle modification is it can decrease the probability of health causes of hypertension.

Impact of the barriers

Regarding the disease of “hypertension” there are several factors that are responsible for creating a tough barriers to the aspect of life style. Barriers of “hypertension” also lead to consequent growth of other diseases and as well affect the health of the concerned patients with “hypertension”. Several aspects are there such as “the concerned patients”, “physician”, “system of healthcare”, and “suboptimal control” related to hypertension. In addition to this the other micro factors responsible as a barrier to the disease of “hypertension” are “lack of adequate treatment”, “reluctance in transforming the lifestyle” by the respective individual, “failure to follow the proper medication process”, “non-adherence in medicine”, “proper following up of the routine of a hypertension patient”.

 Majorly apart from the inadequate system of treatment of “hypertension”, the other factors are responsible for the respective individual patient’s notion of reluctance towards the disease of “hypertension”. From the study it is acknowledged that the individual tend to provide minimal amount of response in eradication of the disease of “hypertension” on a worldwide basis. This may be due to the fact that the disease of “hypertension” seems to have a nature of slow poisoning towards the patients. The other barriers are “side effect of the drugs”, “therapeutic inertia”, “communication barriers” between the patients and the caregiver, “guidelines of non-compliance to treatment” and “assessment lack to healthcare”. All these tend to promote other disease such as “cardiovascular disease” and others leading to the slow death process of the individual.

Risk Factor

Policies

World Health Organisation (WHO) has reported that estimated 7.5 million of global population are died due to hypertension yearly. As opined by Ekström et al. (2020), in order to reduce the prevalence of high blood pressure, the following measures are advised by global health organisations to get easy recovery from the disease. Different types of policies have been promoted by the healthcare industry to reduce blood pressure of people. As per the opinion of Narvaez et al. (2018), people who are engaged in hard work must measure blood pressure frequently and consult with doctors to maintain blood pressure. As cited by Dianjun et al. (2017), healthy foods are necessary to achieve optimum blood pressure. Companies have to implement team based work that employees can create interpersonal relationships to reduce workload.

• It is needed to promote balanced diet that in turn can be helpful to control excessive blood pressure.
• Total salt intake has to be reduced regularly for controlling the blood pressure level of an individual (Who.int, 2021).
• Public has to be discouraged regarding use of tobacco as this is a major risk factor for occurrence of hypertension.
• As cited by Lennon et al. (2019), promotion of regular physical activity is another tactic that can be adopted by physicians while prescribing hypertension control.

Development of potential legislation is necessary as this can be opportunistic to control technical measures and all the actions have to be taken by health management team. A table is given below to show effective measures of health feasibility to control hypertension.

Table 1: Legislative measures to control hypertension

(Source: MS-Word)

Effectiveness of the policies

Policies that are developed by WHO and NHS are effective to control the viability of heart disease all across the globe rather in England also. Know Your Blood Pressure (KYBP) campaign has a great success in UK as this has helped to provide awareness among 1.34 million populations in England (Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk, 2018). In order to launch Food Smart Art, National Health Service of UK helps to deliver proper information regarding nutrition to all the affected people. As per the opinion of Hermida et al. (2018), Smoke-Free NHS campaign is helping to make people aware of tobacco and it can help to control prevalence of high blood pressure in UK. As opined by Geldsetzer et al. (2018), people have become aware about this disease that they have started consuming healthy foods that control blood pressure naturally. Lifestyle and medication initiations have developed due to effective policies.

Symptoms of hypertension have been promoted through medical campaigns that people can easily understand about their blood pressure level and take precaution before suffering from hypertension. According to Lu et al. (2017), effective policies of controlling blood pressure allowed people to lead a healthy and quality life. Medication adherence has been improved by these policies and reduces the risk of this disease.

Most of the people who are suffering hypertension are addicted with drugs and other supplements but effective policies have saved a lot of people, mainly youngsters from drug addiction. As per the opinion of Shimbo et al. (2020), health care policies helps to take identify high blood pressure in preliminary stage and taking necessary st5eps n after identifying the disease can easily cure this disease.

Conclusion

Summary

In summary, it can be commented that global burden of hypertension has to be reduced for controlling challenges of heart disease as well as economic recession. According to the view of Egan et al. (2019), 25% of global population have died due to high blood pressure. According to Sardu et al. (2020), this has to be controlled to minimise the death rate all across the globe and stability of human life can be enhanced. According to Gredic et al. (2020), all of the nations for controlling hypertension have spent about $50 billion and this is quite high. Therefore, management of hypertension can be helpful to manage economic burden of the countries. There is an expectation that by 2025, burden of hypertension will be increased from 26% to 29% (Fisher and Curfman, 2018). Henceforth, it can be considered a tremendous public of problem and better interventions have to be required for controlling this challenge with diet management and physical activity.

A large number of young people are suffering from hypertension due to family pressure and negligence of society. As cited by Zuluaga et al. (2019), hypertension damages the main organs of human body that causes premature death. It is hard to understand that one is suffering from hypertension disease, that frequent medical assistance and healthy food habits can develop reduced affection for this disease. As opined by Hsu and Tain (2021), companies have allowed remote working so that employees can balance their work with their life. Conflict and unnecessary arguments have reduced for promoting healthcare policies to prevent hypertension issues.

Management of hypertension is necessary and there are several types of national and international policy to prevent the consequence. World Health Organisation (WHO) has developed policies and several legislations to treat high blood pressure. In order to keep the blood pressure at a safe level, this is necessary to control smoking and consumption of alcohol (Kario et al. 2019). Both of the lifestyle changes can be effective to adapt to normal blood pressure in a better way with high distribution of sleep. National Health Service (NHS) of UK has suggested cutting down caffeine consumption daily that can help to ensure well-balanced life without any complications. As per the opinion of Moonga et al. (2017), medicines that block calcium channels can be suggested for treatment purposes of patients in underdeveloped and developing countries.

Future pathway

Future pathway for hypertension control is enlisted below by developing bullet points:

• Firstly, selection of patients with hypertension symptoms is necessary.
• After that, self-reported screening tools will be developed for frailty identification.
• Next, frailty assessment tools will be analysed with the help of physicians.
• Two different categories will be developed then; one will be non-frail category and the other will be frail category.
• It is essential to take a healthy diet daily by consulting with healthcare specialists to control hypertension.
• As cited by Lippi et al. (2020), quality communication with people helps to control excessive blood pressure.
• Frequent checkups of blood pressure will help to take precaution for this v disease and can be cured by taking effective healthcare initiatives.
• As opined by Li et al. (2020), low consumption of fast food will control blood pressure and improve the lifestyle of society.
• Low vision, conflict, obsession, premature death, and depression will be controlled by taking necessary policies in daily life.
• After that, non-frail groups are subjected to anti-hypertension through changing lifestyles and use of medication.
• In contrast, frail group has two options- one is anti-hypertension and other is frailty intervention through nutritional modification and regular exercise.
• Finally, last time monitoring of frailty and blood pressure status will be monitored.
• There are multiple barriers on the matter of adoption modification lifestyle such as communication barriers, lack of guidelines, and poor knowledge of hypertension.
• The patients need to communicate with healthcare providers effectively and build an effective guideline in order to maintain the adoption of modification lifestyle.

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Websites

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Who.int, 2021. Hypertension. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension. [Accessed on: 05.11.2021]

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