ME7711A Engineering Research Techniques Quality Management
Introduction
Device-to-device (D2D) communication technology is one of most common forms of communication technologies that comprises of two or mobile devices communicating and connected and sharing of information remotely and wirelessly (Kar and Sanyal, 2018). Over the years of technological revolutions, D2D systems have changed over the period like the “Hybrid Multiple Access Technologies” and “vehicle-to-X (V2X) applications” (Sun et al. 2015; Zhai et al. 2017). Based on the systematic search of quartile 1 level journals, two peer-reviewed journals were selected from IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. The main purpose of the current report was to critically assess explore scientific papers and assess the positive and negative aspects of the scientific papers. This report is part of the “Engineering Research Techniques, Entrepreneurship and Quality Management” curriculum will help in developing secondary researching skills as well as exploring and writing research methodologies from scientific papers. In the following report, there are four main sections; introduction which coved the purpose and a brief of the study, methodology mentioned the data collection methods used, critical assessment has assessed the two peer-reviewed journals chosen and the conclusion has presented an overview of all the entire report findings.
Methodology
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
According to Swift and Wampold, (2018) it is very important to have inclusion and exclusion criteria when researches are conducted based on secondary resources especially using journal and journal searching methods. Inclusion and exclusion criteria help to choose a few particular papers that meet the objectives of the research. The inclusion criteria of the study were;
- All the chosen paper must be in the quartile 1 list of research journals as identified in the list of Scimago Journal and Country Rank.
- The papers chosen must be available in English and full tet in PDF format must be available between the period of 2015 to 2019. The year 2020 will not be used because the number of journals published in volume is very low.
- All papers chosen must be from a technology or engineering aspect especially the communications segment like device-to-device (D2D) communication technology.
The exclusion criteria of the study included;
- No paper will be included if they are review paper or systematic review papers or meta-analysis papers or even conference proceedings.
- Any paper post-2019 and before 2015 will not be included in the current study.
- Any paper that does not have detailed techniques and data analysis methods mentioned or used to either solve a problem or develop an existing D2D technology will be rejected.
Selection of Q1 and Q2 Journals
For the selection of quartile 1 and 2 lists of the journal publications, the website https://www.scimagojr.com/ was used. There were a total of over 10,000 journals with quartile 1 ranking and out of the 10,000 or more journal publications the journal publication “IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications” was chosen because of its ranking plus the choice of technology and engineering area of interest, which is wireless communications.
Search strategies
The search strategy is the process that comprises of systematically searching the best papers that fit the inclusion criteria as well as the exclusion criteria. To find the best papers based on the area of technology of interest the e-library IEEE Xplore was used whereby papers from within the IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications were chosen. To search for the best papers and the searching them, specific keywords were used, using a Boolean method. A boolean method is an advanced search strategy where ‘AND’ ‘OR’ and other specified filters like year are used to search and target specific papers (Aliyu, 2017). In addition, the specific filter also included ‘only journal papers’ and the keywords included for searching the papers was as in the following table;
| IEEE Xplore | Search 1 | (((“All Metadata”:device-to-device) AND “All Metadata”:D2D) AND “All Metadata”:wireless communications technology) |
| Search 2 | ((“All Metadata”:device to device) AND “All Metadata”:D2D) |
Based on the keyword search strings used a total of 447 scientific papers were found between the year 2015 and 2019 and out of them only 2 of the papers were selected based in the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The detailed process of chsssing papers has been mentioned in the article synthesis section.
Article synthesis
The two papers chosen were authored by Sun et al. (2015) and Zhai et al. (2017) titled “Cluster-Based Radio Resource Management for D2D-Supported Safety-Critical V2X Communications” and “Energy-Saving Resource Management for D2D and Cellular Coexisting Networks Enhanced by Hybrid Multiple Access Technologies” respectively. These two papers out of 447 papers were chosen based on the clarity of title, abstract, methods mentioned, results mentioned and the conclusion depicted. Furthermore, many papers were also reviewed and systematic review papers and many of the papers did not mention the methodology processes used and the findings of the analysis conducted. The two papers chosen were the most relevant paper in terms of title, methodology and findings and conclusions and therefore, included in the study.
A critical assessment of the chosen papers
Comparative evaluation of two papers
Based on the study of Sun, et al., (2015), it has been stated that current art state solution for V2X are reflected as ad-hoc communication related to IEEE802.11p backend-based communciation over LTE cellular standard. Similarly, the trend is inclined towards the emergence of device-to-device communication which is reflected as the cellular system technical development. In the context of D2D cellular infrastructure, closely located user equipment device communicate with each other through distribution of resources by regular cellular UE. The performance objective is applied for maximizing the sum rate along with focusing on cellular links. So, D2D underlay is taken as the opportunity as their cellular link interface is controlled for processing it into acceptable level.
From the study of Zhai et al. (2017), it has been found that cellular and D2D users mainly operated in two modes of resource-sharing which are reuse and dedicated mode. Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) is mainly implemented as the candidate air interface (AI) technique for 5G wireless networks. Non-orthogonal spectrum resource sharing has been allowed. The influence of D2D user number on computational complexity is higher than that of other parameter. In addition, the computational complexity mainly depends on the RBs number which determines the MCMF amount problems that are need to be tackled.
One of the most advantageous point of using the system by Sun, et al., (2015) is that presnece of eNB scheduler as it helps in long term performance and further helps to improve the path loss and shadowing of the bandwith. On the other hand, the advantage of using the system proposed by Zhai et al. (2017) is that the transmission of signals has higher complexity and fast convergence. However, both the system has its own drawbacks as well, like the system provided by Sun, et al., (2015) has complexity in connecting vehicular users (V-UEs) and cellular users (C-UEs) even though they are effective in improvement safety-critical V2X communications. Again, the disadvantage of using the system by Zhai et al. (2017) is that the system is based on algorithms and one mistake or change in any algorithm will make the system a total failure.
Methodologies
The research paper had mainly investigated schemes of resource management for D2D cellular coexisting networks where the D2D users implement OFDMA and cellular users mainly employed SCMA. The unified optimization framework was mainly proposed by the author to study the transmitted power minimisation issue for power control, allocation of resources along with the selection of mode (Sun et al. 2015). The research goal is initially classified into three subsections which are identified as a selection of mode from dedicated and reuse mode, power control and resource allocation in each mode. The author had made the selection of mode through evaluating the necessary and sufficient conditions for the dedicated mode where branch and bound based algorithm is applied. It has exploited the particular structure of maximum-flow and minimum-cost graph induced from the problem which justifies the execution of global optimal issue (Bello et al. 2017). On the other hand, the interference-aware graph is developed for modelling the cross-tier interference related to the design of the scheme of resource allocation. Next, the algorithm of power control is developed for determining the optimal transmit power with following the advantages of fast convergence and low complexity.
Figure 1: Algorithm used in Sun et al. (2015)
The researcher mainly conducted extensive simulation for assessing the proposed algorithm by comparing them with other schemes concerning system interference and computational complexity along with power generation (Xiao et al. 2011). The author has developed a network model based on the formulated problem. The strategy of selecting a mode and the design of resource allocation and power control algorithm in a dedicated mode would be explored through the study. While designing the algorithm for RM-TRMP, the interference-aware graphs are needed to be modelled for cellular and D2D users (Sun et al. 2015). Moreover, the scheme related to the sequential allocation of resource is proposed for coordinating the cross-tier interference.
Figure 2: Algorithm used in Zhai et al. (2017)
Therefore, it may be assessed that the methodology mentioned in both the papers by Sun et al. (2015) and Zhai et al. (2017) were critical and complicated but details all the steps and processes used for the research conduction.
Data collection
The research has allowed non-orthogonal access for V-UEs for framing an RRM problem of RB which indicate power allocation and sharing for the V-UEs and C-UEs set. It is reflected as the optimization issue which has aimed to maximize the sum rate of C-UE with comparative fairness of bandwidth, under the threat of satisfying the V-UEs requirements on reliability and latency (Sun et al. 2015). Due to the hardness of NP, the author had proposed RRM solution which refers to the cluster-based RB that has solved the issue by power allocation.
Figure 3: Mapping system in the study of Sun et al. (2015)
The article published by Zhai et al. (2017) aimed to reduce the transmit power of mobiles by joint optimisation of a selection of mobile, control of power and allocation of resources for cellular coexisting networks and D2D with hybrid technology. For tackling the issue, the author had proposed a simplified implementation method through theoretical interpretation. Devising an effective BnB related algorithm would execute configuration of the optimal resource through the exploitation of special flow graph structure. The algorithm of sequential resource allocation has been forwarded for interference aware graph (Zhai et al. 2017). The algorithm of iterative power control is designed for optimisation of transmit power of all of the users whereas the abundant simulation results had been included for confirming the proposed algorithm efficiency.
Figure 4: Network model developed by Zhai et al. (2017)
Again, from the data collection methods described in both the papers are unique, while one paper uses data collected from the experimentation, and other uses data from existing data sources and therefore, the data collection methods used in both the papers by Sun et al. (2015) and Zhai et al. (2017) were effectively presented and not biased. Based on the methodological comparisons, it has been found that both the papers had used critical analytical methods like development of models and algorithms and have used very complex method to explain the methods used in the study.
Interpretation used in papers
Based on the paper of Sun et al. (2015), it has been identified that the research aimed to develop an approach for transforming the reliability and strict latency needs of V2X communications into statistical constraints which would be computed through applying slowly varying CSI. From the analysis of collected data, it has been stated that the optimization issue is reflected as NP-hard that has motivated the heuristic algorithm application like proposed three-stage RRM algorithm known as CROWN. The simplified version CROWN-noPA is induced by the removal of the last power allocation stage (He et al. 2015). The simulation result has justified that the CROWN schemes harvest performance of cellular sum rate and improved availability.
Figure 5: D2D for V2X and cellular communications
Source: Sun et al. (2015)
The results of the study mainly reflect that the proposed algorithm by the author would be improved through the potential of D2D and SCMA by cross-tier interference that has boosted the energy of the whole system. All scheme power control algorithm is incorporated as IPCA because it can reduce the transmission power with the provided strategy of resource allocation. The study has formulated computational complexity of MCMF-BnB and the influence of user number on the performance of network along with the influence of RB number on the performance of the network (Gandotra et al. 2017). The interpretation has justified that RM performance approaches the optimal value in case of large RB number. The exhaustive research is mainly utilised for investigating the computational efficiency of MCMF-BnB. The matching algorithm has been incorporated in the cellular coexisting network and D2D with a single MAT for maximizing the energy efficiency or network throughput (Zhai et al. 2017). The algorithm of power control is developed for determining the optimal transmit power with following the advantages of fast convergence and low complexity.
Figure 6: D2D and cellular hybrid networks
Source: Zhai et al. (2017)
Interpretation is an important part of any scientific paper because, without interpretation, the research will never understand the outcomes of the paper. In both the papers by Sun et al. (2015) and Zhai et al. (2017), it was found that the results and outcomes from the network-based analysis were effectively presented and matched with the objectives and scope of the study long with future implications in the current field of D2D. Summarising the interpretation part mentioned in both the papers, it has been found that both papers have made profound implications of the finds and addresses the purposes of the study.
Conclusion
From the above study, it has been concluded that direct D2D communication refers to the promising enabler for the safety-critical V2X communication whereas it has required the application tailored RRM scheme. A systematic method was used for choosing the papers for the current report like Boolean search criteria and using e-libraries like IEEE Xplore. Two articles are selected based on their suitability and content which justify the adaptation of effective modelling for completing the work process.
Based on the report of Sun et al. (2015), it has been found that the research goal is initially classified into three subsections which are identified as a selection of mode from dedicated and reuse mode, power control and resource allocation in each mode. Due to the hardness of NP, the author had proposed RRM solution which refers to the cluster-based RB that has solved the issue by power allocation. So, the incorporation of cluster-based radio resource management for D2D-Supported critical and safety V2X communications which has ensured consistency in business process. On the other hand, the article of Zhai et al. (2017) has justified the strategy of selecting a mode and the design of resource allocation and power control algorithm in a dedicated mode would be explored through the study. It has aimed to reduce the transmit power of mobiles by joint optimisation of a selection of mobile, control of power and allocation of resources for cellular coexisting networks and D2D with hybrid technology. The integration of hybrid multiple access technologies are reflected in the field of cellular coexisting networks and D2D through energy-saving resource management which indicate the development of communication aspects. The analysis of the articles would also help me to gain adequate details regarding the subject. The critical research of two articles enables the researcher to formulate the strategies for ensuring successful research under the variety of the settings by proper selection and utilisation of appropriate research method. Both the research has justified the statistical justification regarding network modelling. The researcher mainly conducted extensive simulation for assessing the proposed algorithm by comparing them with other schemes concerning system interference and computational complexity along with power generation.
Bibliography
Sun, W., Yuan, D., Ström, E.G. and Brännström, F., 2015. Cluster-based radio resource management for D2D-supported safety-critical V2X communications. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 15(4), pp.2756-2769.
Zhai, D., Sheng, M., Wang, X., Sun, Z., Xu, C. and Li, J., 2017. Energy-saving resource management for D2D and cellular coexisting networks enhanced by hybrid multiple access technologies. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 16(4), pp.2678-2692.
References
Aliyu, M.B., 2017. Efficiency of Boolean search strings for Information retrieval. American Journal of Engineering Research, 6(11), pp.216-222.
Bello, O., Zeadally, S. and Badra, M., 2017. Network layer inter-operation of Device-to-Device communication technologies in Internet of Things (IoT). Ad Hoc Networks, 57(1), pp. 52-62.
Gandotra, P., Jha, R. and Jain, S., 2017. A survey on device-to-device (D2D) communication: Architecture and security issues. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 78(1), pp. 9-29.
He, H. et al., 2015. Sounding reference signal (srs) mechanism for intracell device-to-device (d2d) communication. U.S. Patent 9,154,267, 1(1), p. 14.
Kar, U.N. and Sanyal, D.K., 2018. An overview of device-to-device communication in cellular networks. ICT express, 4(4), pp.203-208.
Swift, J.K. and Wampold, B.E., 2018. Inclusion and exclusion strategies for conducting meta-analyses. Psychotherapy Research, 28(3), pp.356-366.
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