• Posted on January 24, 2024
• Karan

Globalization Assignment Sample

Patch 1

Globalization is a process that has no clear beginning and ending points. It also does not have a single concept that can be defined and contained inside a certain time frame. As a result, it is difficult to articulate it in a form that is intelligible and appropriate to everyone and all circumstances. According to a widely recognized definition of globalization, it is the “expansion of a worldwide market free of socio-political influence.” Additionally, it may be described as 1 of the following things: 1 a worldwide process; 2 a concept; 3 a revolution; 4 “the flow of knowledge across boundaries;” and 5 “cultural stability. (Zeibote, 2019)”

All of these incidents are a result of the globalization of the economic environment, which is to be blamed. These occurrences may all be traced back to a generalization of the globalization of the economic environment. In different contexts over time, the phrase has referred to many things, including development and stability, colonialism, and instability and retreat, among other things, as the meaning of the word has shifted over history.

Despite the fact that this statement contains a number of problems, there are a number of underlying objectives that should be considered as well.

A really global organization must embrace a varied variety of geographical locations and cultural traditions in order to be considered truly global. As an alternative, it opens the door to a diverse range of ideas, spanning the economic, social, political, and a number of other fields, all of which are accepted and encouraged.(Khan,2019).

A Critical Methodology of Globalization: Politics of the Twenty-First Century?” is the title of his book, which asks the question, “What is the politics of the twenty-first century? “When comparing these notions to the present global scene, which Author describes in his work as “politics of the twenty-first century,” he emphasizes how important it is to compare them to the current global scenario.

As defined by Friedman, globalization consists of “the inexorable integration of markets, nation states, and technologies to an unprecedented degree—in a way that is making it possible for individuals, corporations, and nation states to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than they ever have before.

It appears from the results of this article that the assumptions indicated above may or may not be correct; nevertheless, it is impossible to say for certain. As has been the case in many prior research, the difficulties associated with the concept of globalization, as well as the benefits associated with it, are examined in this study from a larger perspective. Globalization’s repercussions for natural resources are substantial and far-reaching in their breadth, according to our criteria for assessing their impact.

“Globalization is characterized by the transnational and transcultural integration of human and nonhuman activities as its origins, course, and effects,” says the author, drawing on our current understanding of the phenomenon.

It was necessary for us to adopt a broad perspective on globalization that was both succinct and comprehensive while still remaining concise and easily understandable in order to develop our own definition. Instead of being a topic that should be researched and then forgotten, the notion of globalization is a goal in and of itself(Panfilova,2018).

Definitions are no exception to the rule when it comes to ambiguity, as they typically have more than one meaning, making them difficult to use in this context.Exhaustive definitions are the standard in this field, and they rarely confine themselves to just one or two lines in the process of providing them.When people learn about the various ways in which globalisation impacts individuals on a variety of different levels—politically, economically, and socially—discussions on topics that are themselves intricate and diverse are frequently sparked(Khan,2019).

Individuals are affected by globalisation on a variety of different levels, including the political, economic, and social spheres of life.According to our writers’ lengthy definitions, this is a widespread issue, which we have confirmed.The vast majority of definitions will almost certainly incorporate this information in some form as a result of this, it is reasonable to expect. These organizations help in assisting the individuals to take the right step in securing a better living by allowing them to comply with the rules and protocols of migration. For this section of the project, four immigration organization has been selected i.e Joint council for the Welfare of Immigrants and Refugee Council  which is local based organization and Community Legal Service and Immigration Law Practitioners Association (ILBA) which is a government based Organization. Joint Council for the Welfare Immigrants is one of those organization which works to provide justice to various immigration law and policy in the United Kingdom. They serve the local areas of United Kingdom like Greater London, Greater Manchester, West Midlands and West Yorkshire to help with the immigrants by fighting for them to avail for certain immigration rights and as for Refugee Council, they are one of the largest organizations in the UK that works for the asylum seekers and refugees. As for Refugee Council, it is one of the largest organization in the UK which works with asylum seekers and refugees by providing support  and working with asylum seekers and refugees to make sure that their needs are being taken care of. It has seventy member organization and they help to attain legal representation by guiding through each and every process. As for Community Legal Service and Immigration law Practitioners Association (ILBA), they ensure that they are able to provide funding and legal services in different communities in the United Kingdom. Immigration Law Practitioners Association helps in providing legal help to immigrants from both European and Non European regions. All these organizations mentioned above helps in severing both in the local areas as well as well as in other areas by expanding the location that they serve. Every years these organizations help a lot of refugees to gain legal rights and freedoms in local areas of UK. For most of the immigrants these organizations are the backbone in helping them build their lives helping them to give a sense of hope.

PATCH 2:

Global social area of concern:

The chosen Global social area of concern is “Immigration as a social issue”. Immigration is defined as the international motion of the people onto a country or a region from which they did not originate or is not a native of. There have been many condescending and conflicting debates with regard to immigration amongst many major countries. Many diverting opinions have been stated by many of the experts in their research study. Some says, immigration on an average ends up having a very positive impact on the economy of a country while some states that, immigration is an action which ends up over burdening the economy of the country. There are many reasons which results in immigration or migration of people from one region to another region. Some of the most common reasons for migration are- because of economic challenges in the native region, due to obligatory reasons such as for surviving an act of punishment, some due to voluntary reasons such as in order to earn more money and vice versa. Impacts of immigration on both the “host” country and the “original” country can either be positive or negative. The positive impacts are- encourages diversity, can increase the pool of talent which can further boost the host country and vice versa. The negative impacts on immigration are- can potentially attract elements of criminals, can turn into issue (in terms of both social and political factors) and vice versa.

The rise in globalization have paved ways and open doors for immigration and migration. Some countries and regions are accepting of the process while some countries are not. Hence, it is becoming a global issue because as of yet, no such definite answers have been garnered with regard to immigration with regard to “whether its impact is more incline towards positive change or more incline towards negative change”.

Selection of one “developing” country and one “developed” country:

The one “developing” country that is chosen for this assessment is India and the one “developed” country that is chosen for this assessment is the United Kingdom.

 How does the global social issue chosen affect the chosen developing country? Justification for choosing the country.

India:

According to a report published by the United Nations in the year 2020, it states that, India is known to be one such country which has the largest population that is diaspora in the world. It has been reported that nearly about 18 million of the country’s population is said to live outside of the country. Countries such as the UAE, the United States and the Saudi Arabia seems to be hosting the largest number of immigrants from the Indian part of the region. The people of India are not the only ones migrating from the country, people and immigrants from other countries and regions are also migrating to India especially from those of the neighboring countries (such as from Bangladesh, from Sri Lanka, Nepal and vice versa). According to a report that was published in the year 2015, it states that nearly about 5.2 million of immigrants is known to be living in the country which ended up ranking India in the 12^th position of hosting the largest number of immigrants

Impacts of immigration in India:

Immigration posed both positive as well as negative impact. Therefore-

Positive impacts:

• In India because of immigration, a large number of diversity have been boosted. India today, is known to be hosting the largest number of cultural ethnicity as compared to the rest of the countries that is why, India is known to be a culturally diverse nation. Such diversity is enabling the country to let go of the narrow- minded stigma and is enabling in widening the mental perspective of the Indian citizen.
• Because of immigrants, the gaps in the skills especially with regard to labor works are being filled in India which is further helping in boosting the growth of the country

Negative impacts

• India is already a very populated country (2^nd most populated country in the world after China). And so, the addition of the immigrants in the country is just escalating and increasing the population which is further resulting in the over- exhaustion of resources and increasing poverty within the country.
• Immigrants in India, is leading to a rise in the depression with regard to wages especially when it comes to the jobs with low pay scale such as labor works and vice versa.
• India being a vast country where nearly 35 million of the country’s population are still unemployed and so, the addition of the immigrants is further increasing the rate of unemployment in the country (Al-Dhaif, 2022).

Reasons for choosing the country:

The country India was chosen for the developing country because of the two main reasons- the first reason is, India is one such country which is known to have a very long history with regard to immigrants as opposed to any of the developing countries in the world and the second reason being, India is the one and the only country in the world with the largest number of culturally diverse people and so, it automatically ends up becoming a favourite “host” region for many of the immigrants migrating from poorer countries such as Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal and vice versa. Hence, I choose the country because then I will be able to get many crucial data with regard to immigration.

Macro perspective of how immigration is affecting India:

Some of the macro perspectives of how immigration is affecting India as a whole are as follows-

• Unemployment: Unemployment is one such macro- perspective factor that is affecting India because of the immigrants migrating from other regions. The country is already known to have about 35 million people and individuals who are still unemployed and so, the addition of the immigrants is further increasing the rate of unemployment in the country (Mohrem,2022).
• Bridging the gap of talent pools: The one positive macro perspective factor that is affecting India because of immigrants is that it is helping in bridging the gap of talent pools. Because of migrants from other countries India has gained many talented and skilled laborer which is further helping in improving the infrastructure of the country (Sakaue,2022).

 

How does the global social issue chosen affect the chosen developed country? Justification for choosing the country.

United Kingdom:

According to many historical records, the immigration rate in the United Kingdom is much higher and way more diverse than it had ever been before, at least up to that time in history, prior to the break out of the COVID- 19 lead pandemic that took place in the year 2020. According to a report that was published on March 2011 by the office of National Statistics, it states that an average of about 336,000 fewer non- UK nationals have relocated out of the country than have migrated in. However, leaving aside everything, the United Kingdom has been one of the favourite destination of many of the immigrants from all over the world. As per the 2001 to 2011 census of the United Kingdom, nearly 70% of the increase in the population was because of the immigrants born within the country. The immigrants in the United Kingdom mostly came from India, China, United States, Poland and Australia (Islam2022).

Impacts of immigration in UK:

Positive impact:

• The addition of the immigrants in the United Kingdom led to an increase in the number of labour force which resulted in the decline of the ratio with regard to dependency and have further helped in boosting the output capacity with regard to the country’s economy.
• Another positive impact of the immigrants in the United Kingdom is that, it resulted in increasing the GDP of the country. As per a report published in the United Kingdom, it states that between 2005 to 2015, the GDP of the country have increased considerably because of the immigrants (Rasmussen,2021).

Negative impact:

• Immigrants resulted in the “overcrowding” of the region by increasing the number of population which further lead to the falling of the living standard of the country. Because of immigrants, housing shortages was faced by the United Kingdom.
• Another negative impact of the immigration in the United Kingdom is that it led to an increase rate of unemployment within the country (Motteram,2022).

Reasons for choosing the country:

The main reason behind choosing or opting for United Kingdom for the “developed” countries is mainly because, the country is known to have very few local laborer and so, is known to be a attractive “host” country for many of the labour workers from other countries. Hence, I choose the country because then I will be able to get many crucial data with regard to immigration. (Poppleton, 2022)

Macro perspective of how immigration is affecting United Kingdom:

• Growth in the force with regard to labour: This is one factor of macro perspective that is impacting UK because of the addition of immigrants which is further boosting the country’s economy.
• Decline in the living standards: Addition of immigrants in the United Kingdom is decreasing the living standards of the people living within the country. An example of this is because of immigrants, the housing capacity within the country is being exhausted.

UN policies and changes

Given that a substantial majority of countries (61 percent) have said that they are dedicated to maintaining current levels of international migration, the issue of global immigration is now a popular topic of conversation. Thirteen percent of those governments have policies to reduce the level of documented immigration into their country, twelve percent have policies to increase it, and fourteen percent have neither an official policy nor a desire to influence the level of documented immigration into their country after collecting and compiling information about legal documented immigration into their country from other governments.

Following North America, Europe, Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, and the United States, the continent with the largest share of nations desiring to raise immigration levels is North America (32 percent). Besides the European Union and the United States, the other continents where governments aim to raise immigration levels are Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, and the Middle East and North Africa and Europe (10 per cent). China, India, and Southeast Asia have the highest proportion of countries that want to lower current levels of immigration, according to the Global Migration Report. The Americas and Europe have the lowest proportion of countries that want to raise current levels of immigration, according to the Global Migration Report (23 per cent),

In order to encourage the repatriation of their citizens who have taken up residence in their respective nations, some governments, especially those in developing countries and emerging markets, have established laws or devised programmes to do so. In order to convince its inhabitants to return home, national governments all around the globe have implemented programmes, with 72 percent of nations having done so as of 2015. Governments in Latin America and the Caribbean (88 percent) and Africa (78 percent) are making gains in encouraging their citizens who have relocated to or from other countries to return home with their families globally, according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM).

According to the World Bank, by 2025, around one hundred and fifty-five percent of the countries with the highest concentration of foreign residents are expected to have initiatives in place to encourage people to return home.

People living in diaspora communities have the ability to make a positive contribution to the long-term development of their home countries by encouraging entrepreneurship and job creation, as well as spurring innovation and the accumulation of human and social capital.

According to the World Bank, just slightly more than half of national governments (42 percent) have put in place one or more measures to support diasporic investment on a global scale (figure 4).

According to the World Bank, specific steps have been implemented by almost half of national governments (26 percent) in order to reduce the costs of remittance transfers. The consequence is that over one-fifth of the nations (21 percent) offer tax exemptions or discounts that are explicitly aimed at their diaspora people, and/or provide their diaspora citizens preferential treatment when it comes to granting credit or licencing to their home countries.

Patch 3

In tandem with an increase in the number of individuals entering the country for the first time, there has been a surge in anti-immigrant sentiment in recent years. Large-scale state-sponsored reforms in migration policy, according to the conclusions of this study, have had little influence on migration or public concern in recent decades. Brexit was fueled in large part by anti-immigrant sentiment among the general public, which had a substantial impact on the country’s choice to leave the European Union in 2016.

Having reached a consensus on key components of a new migration system, including restricting free movement into and out of the country and imposition of a new visa regime, leaders in the United Kingdom and Europe took an important step forward in the fight against illegal immigration in early 2021 when they announced the implementation of a new visa regime in early 2021 as a critical consequence of this vote. It has proved to be a challenging task to evaluate this new regime, despite the fact that the epidemic has virtually halted the vast bulk of progress since 2020 (Talukder,2022).

It is estimated that in the year 2013 and 2012 alone the number of immigrants increased by twenty eight thousand which is only within two years. Let alone in the year two thousand fourteen the number of foreign born population increased from five point three million to nine point five million in the year two thousand nineteen from which European migrants are more in number and have been gradually increasing. With time the foreign born population in the United Kingdom has been increasing with time because a lot of the migrants usually become a part of the UK citizen with time. Among all the places in UK, London has the most highest number of migrants. Apart from other places in UK, it is uncommon to see the number of Nepal migrants increasing with every passing year while on the other hand regions like Northern Ireland, Wales and North East have very less number of migrants and comprises only thirteen percent of the migrants. Exceeding Nepal is India, at the moment India is among one of the most common countries of origin for migrants in the United Kingdom. Along with India are Poland, Pakistan which are among the top 3 countries that often practice migration to the United Kingdom each and every year. Poland has the lowest number of immigrants as compared to these two countries which accounts up to six percent while India and Pakistan accounts to nine percent each on the list.

 How UK government is handling the issue? :

The country chosen from draft 2 is United Kingdom so further discussion will be widely based on UK.

Although, UK is one of the fastest growing economies in the world, the government still is facing issues on dealing with immigrants by implementing new polices and legislations. The Uk government is implementing disciplinary policies which is mainly focused at stopping immigrants from entering the UK shores rather than making safe ways to protect the people by implementing safe and legal policies. Priti Patel who is the home secretary of United Kingdom have started off with new policies with the help of Nationality Borders Bills. This policy will help the UK government to make ways to send refugees and migrants to different detention centres in different countries. This is similar as the policy practiced by the Australian Government in which they termed the policy as off shore processing. In the year two thousand seventeen, MCS which is the acronym for Medecins Sans Frontieres conducted a health care project in Naru to identify the mental health that this policy is causing to the immigrants. It was observed that the cases were so severe that they had seen some of the worst mental cases in fifty years. This is an evident about how the UK government is handling the issue of immigration. The bill allows the UK government to stop the immigrants that are heading towards the U shore. UK government also plans  to build up very large reception  to provide shelter to the immigrants but however all of us know for a fact that these measures would still not stop the immigrants from entering the UK border. The UK government has to implement strong policies to tackle immigration in the best possible manner.

The UK government has set up different models like  GSP (Global Skill Partnership) which will allow to minimize the migration barriers for some chosen professions (Students, unemployment individuals etc) and immigration permit like Revision of tier 2 ICT (Intra Company Transfer) by providing the employees with higher wages after two years of being migrated, making use of the of burden sharing to decrease the fiscal case to immigrants by expiry date of their visa, supporting the legislation for creation of categorical exceptions for different asylum and refugee centres. One of the latest immigration rules based on immigration started from 1^st Jan 2020 in which the free movement came to an end with European citizens will be put through  more strict immigration rules.

What is the nature of their response?

Although the polices and legislations discussed above are all about tackling immigration issues in the United Kingdom, the after effect of these policies seem to be at a point of uncertainty. For the longest time the European Free Movement has been failing to satisfy the needs of the British immigrants and in failing in the most possible manner to satisfy the needs of the immigrants from different countries especially from the European countries. With the implementation of the latest immigration rules from 2021 1^st Jan, all the European as well as non European citizens including India will be equally treated. If this system works, the response will be more on the positive side as the UK government will be liable for minimizing the level of migration and give importance to individuals who have higher skills and talents and protect each and every individual from various kinds of exploitation. Since this system started off only from 2022, the results are not yet known but if the UK government is fully liable for what they stated then the lives of every immigrant in UK will be easier with less political restrictions. Indian immigrants will also be able get equal freedom if the UK government is does not break the promise. For the longest time, Indian immigrants has the largest set of non European immigrants but the laws tend to be at more ease for Indian citizens only because of the exchange for trade. They are provided with more opportunities by relaxing the immigration rules which includes providing schemes to different Indians just like the one offered for Australian citizens allowing Indians to work for at least three years in UK. The government also cut down the visa fees for Indian students allowing them the opportunity to stay in UK even after their graduation has been completed. These explaination are just enough to proof how the migrations rules and regulations  have been working for the Indian citizens while on the other hand it is evident that these rules does not work for European immigrants (Acarturk2022).

Barriers that prevent from addressing the issue:

The issue with the UK government not being able to address the issues is that there are just a lot of number of immigrants from both European and Non European countries which the UK government is finding it an issue to deal with each and every problem. Compared to five to six years back, the level of migrants has increased in terms of millions and is estimated to grow more every three years. In order for the UK government to skilfully manage the population level of migration, there has to be a reduction in the number of migrants. Because of the excess population, the UK government alone is not able to process the access information. The government needs to separate the migrants into different categories and figure out the number of people which will help benefit the growth of UK economy and those other individuals which are draining their economy. The government is also concerned about how constant immigration is leading to change in culture and how the standard of living per person is changing over time. The UK government first needs to figure out all these issues only then they will be able to implement the migration polices systematically (Flinders,2021). The reason for this is because of  the increased number of immigrants every year. Although certain polices like GSP, ICT (discussed above) have been implemented, the UK government first needs to sort out the good and bad category of immigrants. These is acting as one of the biggest barrier from addressing the issues as well as implementing the right migration polices and laws. Over the past twenty years, the amount of migrant population is unparallel and unstoppable. UK alone has experienced a rise in immigration level in one year  alone which takes more than five years in other remote years. The last Government which was from 2015 to 2017 has alone experienced a rise of immigrants of 3 million and this is mainly because the migration level from the European countries doubled in number because of the wealth dispute between UK and EU. As stated earlier, Indian immigrants does not face much issues because of the trade relationship that India and UK has. Indians are able to avail some of the freedom enjoyed by the UK citizens alone. However, the level of Indian immigrants is also an issue for the UK government as they contribute to very high level of migrants. The biggest barrier again is mass migration as it is deteriorating the issue more  and which in turn  has maximized the overall demand of households in UK. Until and unless the UK government work on it to minimize the number of immigrants, the crisis will continue and overpopulated immigrants will be one of the biggest issue in preventing the U.K government from addressing the issues. UK government needs to make sure that they implement very strong and strict policies to help mitigate and minimize the number of immigrants only then they will be able to tackle the issue by implementing the right policy (Oosterhoff,2022).

Regional, Socio political and economic issues:

Both for India and UK both has their own share of regional, socio political and economic issues that they face in terms of migration. In India rural to rural migration is most common which accounts to about fifty three point eighty four percent of the population while on the other hand rural to urban areas constitute only about twenty percent of the population. The main reason for rural to rural migration is mainly because of poverty as the poverty level in India has been maximizing each passing year. It is estimated that 2/3 of the Indian citizen live in poverty. The other twenty percent of the migrants from urban to urban places is to seek better job opportunities. When it comes to United Kingdom, the main reason for migration is because of work, family, study etc (Garrido-Torres,2021).

The need to satisfy the needs of the labour market is cited as the primary motivation for current immigration policy by 68 percent of sovereign governments throughout the globe.

Take into consideration the fact that this is based on data from 148 nations that have publicly available information.

In addition, it is worth noting that a sizable majority of governments (46 percent) see their immigration policies as a tool for preserving the job opportunities of their own citizens.

The population drivers are another frequently cited explanation, with 15 percent of governments maintaining their current immigration policy in order to manage population ageing and 13 percent maintaining their current immigration strategy in order to counteract long-term population decline, respectively.

The regional issues faced by the UK government in terms of migration is that half of the country’s population is still under the poverty line leading a lot of individual to stay homeless. The labour market is not balanced which is leading to very high rise in unemployment which is in turn causing an increase in out migration leading to slower economic growth in almost half of the Northern parts of UK as compared to the Southern Parts. These regional issues has led to a great imbalance which had led to loss of jobs in urban areas. While on the other hand in India, there are regional inequalities and the planning system in India still continues to be imbalanced comprising different dimensions making it difficult to integrate different plan. Even the public sector in India has been a part of major exploitation. These are some of the reasons why immigration has been increasing in these countries and this is all because of the imbalanced working system.

Socio political issues in the United Kingdom is that there are about twelve million people who are aged under sixty five  which is a huge challenge for the UK Government as well as the society to tackle. With the rise in the state pension bill, the government has to make sure to work on the growth of the economy at the same time while making sure that it does not negatively impact the economy in any manner. With the increased rise in elderly people it impacts the National Health Service and social care provision in the UK alone. In India the major social issues are poverty (Which is one of the  biggest leading social issue in India), there is also high rise in unemployment leading to rise in migration of the population from one place to another, there is also high rise in child labour and this is because of  increased rise in child labour and unemployment as they are forced to work in industries and different coal mining centres. Both these countries are also not able to come up with the right political laws and legislations to deal with migration.  These socio political issues have been a blockage in dealing with migration issues in the United Kingdom as well as in India (Young,2018). It is possible that repatriation will have a positive impact on the economy of their individual home countries if legislation is put in place to encourage financial inflows and investments, as well as the transfer of knowledge and skills.

The Worldwide Compact for Migration, which was ratified by the United Nations General Assembly earlier this year, is a global agreement on a coordinated response to international migration in all of its forms. The Compact, which serves as a framework for future international migration policy, was agreed upon in September 2015 and serves as a basis for the agreement that followed. For the first time, the Secretary-General of the Single Nations, Ban Ki-moon, has addressed international migration in all of its forms, and the world community has come to an agreement on a united approach to address the issue. An agreement on the parameters of enforcement must be reached between the parties before an international agreement may be enforced in a court of law. The report highlights the need of adopting a collaborative strategy to maximise the overall benefits of migration while also addressing the obstacles and problems that migration offers to individuals, families, and communities in the countries of origin, transit, and final destination.

Economic issues in UK like the problem in supply chain, rise in inflation and rise in employment are one of the major economic issues faced by the UK government making it more complicated for the policy makers in dealing with the migration issues that is faced by United Kingdom. At the moment, the UK’s current economy is not expected make improvements any time sooner but the Government is making certain policies to improve the economy as well as the migration issues faced by the government. As of India, it has very low capita income, most of the individuals are unemployed and dependant on agriculture and there is high rise in unequal distribution of the weal among different sector of the society. These issues have created a huge gap and barrier for both the counties in dealing with immigration issues (Van der Boor,2022).

PATCH 4:

Comparison between the Grassroot interventions with the intervention undertaken by the national and international policies:

Grassroot intervention undertaken for “immigration related social issue” by the chosen country:

The United Kingdom have undertaken many grassroot level interventions in order to aid the immigrant workers existing and living or born within the country. In the United Kingdom, there has been a steady rise in the numbers of small and local charities which are carried out by the local NGOs or individuals so as to aid the immigrant workers on grounds of humanitarian. Such small and local charities are being referred to as the “4^th pillar” of development or is also known as the grassroot level interventions (Famulari2022).

Within the last 10 years, in the United Kingdom, it has been reported that the small number of charities have increased considerably as opposed to the large charities organized by the governmental agencies. An annual budget of about $100,000 Euro has been invested in the United Kingdom in order to aid, such immigrants and weaker or poorer section of the people.

Some of the local charities carried out by the private organisations and NGOs in the United Kingdom in order to help the immigrants are as follows-

• The Joint Council for the welfare of the immigrants: The Joint Council for the Welfare of the Immigrants is a charity organisation. The charity organisation is based in London in the England in the United Kingdom. JCWI (Joint Council for the Welfare of the Immigrants) is said to be an independent organisation which campaigns for the justice of the immigrants and also helps in fighting any form of racism committed against the immigrants. The charity organisation believes in a system with regard to immigration that is not only fair but also just. This organisation offers justice and helps in safeguarding the dignity and the rights of the immigrants living within the United Kingdom from the grassroot level. It has been reported that the organisation i.e., the Joint Council for the welfare of the immigrants” have helped by providing supports to thousands of individuals and families from the immigrant community living in the United Kingdom. JCWI (Joint Council for the Welfare of the Immigrants) functions by offering legal advice with regard to immigration free of cost through their advice telephone line (Hellmann,2021).
• Refugee council: The refugee council is said to be the largest independent organisation in the United Kingdom which helps the immigrants existing within the country by working in collaboration with the refugees and the asylum seekers. The organisations provide support to the immigrants but along with it, it also works in association with the asylum seekers and the refugees so as to make sure that all of the needs and all of the concerns with regard to the immigrants are being answered.

National and international policies undertaken by the chosen countries with regard to “immigration related social issue”:

Some of the national and the international policies that are undertaken by the United Kingdom government in order to help and address the “immigration related social issue”.

• The Global talent scheme is one such scheme and policies that have been undertaken by the governments in the United Kingdom to help the immigrant’s scientist and researchers living or to help individuals who wants to migrate to the United Kingdom in order to study further education or pursue further research. The scheme is mainly for the citizens of the European Unions, the EEA and the citizens of the Swiss.
• Another example of the policies and schemes undertaken by the United Kingdom government is the VPRS (the acronym for which is known as the vulnerable persons resettlement scheme). This scheme or policy was launched by the United Kingdom government in the year 2014 so as to help in the settling down of the 20,000 refugees that were displaced by the conflicts that took place in Syria.

A total of 23 objectives have been established by the international agreement, which have been divided into four categories based on their relevance. A key one of these aims is to enhance migration management at all levels, from the local to the national to the regional to the international level. Another objective of the organisation is to improve the management of migration at the international level. The following terms and conditions are in force in accordance with the terms and conditions of the agreement:

• In order to achieve this, it is necessary to mitigate the adverse drivers and structural factors that prevent people from establishing and maintaining sustainable livelihoods in their countries of origin; it is also necessary to reduce the risks and vulnerabilities that migrants face at various stages of migration by respecting and protecting their human rights and providing them with care and assistance; and it is necessary to address the legitimate concerns of states announcing their intentions to relocate their nationals.

Comparative assessment between the grassroot interventions and the national and international policies undertaken to help the immigrants by the government in the United Kingdom:

Grassroot interventions	National and international policies
–       The grassroot intervention is known to be one such approach through which the people and the individuals prompt efficient changes at the regional, local and all aspects of levels by utilising collective robust actions	The national and international interventions on the other hand is the type of approach that is undertaken by the governmental agencies in order to address the issues at hand by levying various laws, policies and schemes so as to meet the purpose.
–       When it comes to solving issues pertaining to social issues such as immigration, grassroot level interventions seems to be the most affective and the best possible solution in order to mitigate the risks and challenges aroused because of the issues at hand. Considering, issues as such as immigration (which is a very sensitive topic) Grassroot level interventions is a better option to undertake because it will enable the United Kingdom governments or any other governments of different regions to address such sensitive issues by undertaking a holistic approach. Such holistic approach will enable the governmental agencies and the private organisations to understand the real problems that the immigrants are facing with an in- depth knowledge and thus, will further enable them to come up with the best possible robust solution which will be able to solve and mitigating the issues faced by the immigrants. The process is long and time consuming but it will gradually help in eliminating the problems from the basic level.	–       However, the policies and schemes implemented by the governmental agencies at both national and international level, though initially might come across as a robust solution later on will end up creating even more conflicts and confusions. The governmental policies undertaken by the United Kingdom government with regard to solving issues faced by the immigrants are implemented in such a manner that it helps in benefitting only some sections of the people. Such policies are not very flexible and hence, does not have much of a holistic approach to it. Yes, they are undoubtedly helpful and helps in solving the underlying issues but when compared with grassroot level interventions, the outcome that it produce is less rigid and is less flexible.

UN policies

The irregular movement of people not only provides challenges for the nations of origin and transit as well as the countries of final destination, but it also creates a variety of obstacles for the migrants themselves. Migration irregularities make migrants more vulnerable to discrimination, exploitation, and abuse. They also put them at greater risk of being exploited and exploited by criminal organisations engaged in human trafficking and migrant smuggling, among other criminal activities.  Almost all national governments have put in place one or more policy measures to deal with the problem of irregular immigration. In accordance with the International Labor Organization, 99 percent of countries have laws in place to punish, imprison, or deport migrants who enter the country illegally. In addition, 77 percent of governments impose sanctions on businesses that recruit such migrants who enter the country illegally. According to the poll, one-third of the countries (34 percent) have made attempts to formalise their legal standing.

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