HS7003 HEALTH ECONOMICS
Introduction
Health economics is a practice to improve a person’s lifestyle; it helps to enhance positive health habits. Health economics can be improved with the help of clinics, hospitals, health care providers, and social welfare. The Pre-payment mechanism is going to be used as a health financing mechanism. The essay will also discuss whether this is fit for national health care financial strategy or not. Essay will further discuss the recommendations to reduce people’s financial risk, and possible public health issues based on HIV will be described in this essay. On the other hand, to protect people from financial risk based on health care services will be recommended to reduce financial degradation of people.
Background
UK is the most affected country in terms of HIV, and 101,600 human beings are affected through HIV infection, the large impact of HIV infection is on those men that sex with men and with “black African population” (Nunn et al. 2017). As per the opinion of Abadie et al. (2018), 87% of people in the UK live with HIV infection, and 43% of diagnosis was taking place at the last stage of HIV in 2016. As per the opinion of Ataguba et al. (2018), among 83% of citizens, only 45% of them are aware of HIV infections and their transmission procedures. Several public health issues may occur due to HIV, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, kidney diseases, liver disease, and cognitive disorder or cancer.
Doctors can understand that human immunodeficiency virus can enter directly into human body and destroys immune system; moreover, health issues can be analysed through HIV test report (Riddell et al. 2018). National healthcare financial strategy helps people reduce their health-related costs, moreover; the national health care system pays doctors and runs hospitals. As critiqued by Auerbach et al. (2020), in the early stage of HIV, people cannot see any health-related disorder as it does not significantly affect the human body; however; from the next stage, it degrades the immune system. As a result of this fever, night sweats, headache, joint pain, diarrhoea, rashes, sore throat, and swollen lymph glands occurs.
Discussion
Relevance of the pre-payment mechanism
Pre-payment mechanism can be used in the form of “health insurance”; as a health care advisor, it is necessary to choose a proper strategy for people. “Out of pocket payment” is not efficient for financial mechanism; hence, people need to implement open system pre-payment mechanism by which they can use healthcare goods. National health care systems often create awareness among people in improving their positive health habits. However, it is important for healthcare provider to give relevant schemes to HIV affected people (Burns and Pauly, 2018). Drug injectors, sex workers, and young women do not want to meet with social workers which has identified from the case study.
Moreover, sex-workers are more immune to HIV infection, and they are the responsible person for HIV transmission. Sex workers, drug injectors, and young women are not able to arrange huge money to mitigate HIV related problems (Riddell et al. 2018). In order to overcome money related problem, sex-workers can contribute a little amount of money in pre-payment mechanism scheme. Furthermore, overall cost can be reduced once sex workers and young women contribute their money in a group. British national health insurance helps people enhance their fund as they provide people with a large amount of money collected from taxation. According to Elopre et al. (2018), pre-payment system is for national health care financial strategy as pre-payment provides people with sustainable health insurance at low cost based on a large population.
Pre-payment mechanism helps poor people, sex workers, and HIV affected people to contribute less for their treatment. Government is unable to aware people about HIV and its effect on human body (Riddell et al. 2018). However, through this pre-payment mechanism, government can help those HIV infected people who are unable to pay for their ill-health. Government can support sex-workers by providing some financial help through which they gain interest to lead a better life (McVeigh and Begley, 2017).
Contribution of the mechanism to reduce financial risk
Open system payment mechanism can reduce financial degradation as it provides people low-cost insurance services; it can also influence the government to provide this service. Ministry of health of UK wants to aware people to prevent HIV infection, for that government is providing some financial help to unsocial people such as sex workers, young women, and drug injector. Pre-payment mechanism allows people to contribute less amount of money for improving their health (McVeigh and Begley, 2017). HIV affected people can withdraw their money from insurance company whenever they feel the necessity.
A certain group of people such as poor and sex workers people of the country face financial barriers due to the huge cost of hospitality services they could not access their money for some time. In this case, through pre-payment servicers, people can get paid directly using insurance policy, national health care systems also help them transfer their money using a voucher, and cash transfer to bank accounts (Riddell et al. 2018). For example, national health insurance can prevent financial risk, as it helps the government raise money from taxation, budget allocation, and income tax; thus, they can provide that money to the poor. Sometimes other health insurance schemes can cheat poor people; in that case, people can lose their money. However, this national health insurance scheme will not deceive people, and people can be benefitted from this insurance policy as there are several low investment schemes.
Another example is “multi health insurance scheme”; it mainly provides services in low-income groups or out of society. For taking insurance based on a pre-payment mechanism, people have to pay low interest, moreover; it also provides immediate health loans to people at low investment (Michael et al. 2019).
Significance to enhance people use
The Pre-payment systems by people as it enhances the health system, it also helps to use national health resources to benefit HIV people. Pre-payment methods help people to use national resources as the government also follows a pre-payment mechanism. Contrary, the government further provides financial support and “pre-exposure prophylaxis” to people under the poverty level in the UK. Every person needs to understand how insurance works and the benefits they provide through this insurance system (Nunn et al. 2017).
Demand of pre-exposure prophylaxis is very high as it decreases the chances of HIV infection and the UK government cares for its supply chain management system. They mainly influence people to take this to mitigate infection, moreover, medicine suppliers sometimes provides this at free of cost to local sex-workers. Market value of pre-exposure prophylaxis is considerable; moreover, local parties or health workers allows people to share their experience about this Pr-EP (Nunn et al. 2017). The UK government allows them to buy it through online delivery and suppliers of pre-exposure prophylaxis allow people to buy this product from their wholesalers.
It can be said that it is highly demandable for healthcare equity and finance system. People want to buy this product for sustainable growth of healthcare industry and people management policies; however, it can also enhance economic condition by giving value to health (Powell et al. 2019). Through this insurance policy, people can save cash for future use, moreover; health insurance helps to avail tax benefits and “pre-exposure prophylaxis” medicine. Through these insurance policy sex workers, young women, and drug addict people can understand the natural resources that need to be used.
Government and policymakers need to improve social welfare based on social schemes; government have to improve the administration system, target group policies, their goals, and objectives to provide a scheme. Several insurance policies are not known to people, the government of the UK government needs to aware them about the schemes that they need to adopt this at the time of diagnosis they can use that scheme. In this case, government or local political parties have to aware them by providing them schemes. According to Nunn et al. (2017), some welfare programs need to conduct by the high-level society, and they have to provide “pre-exposure prophylaxis” to the sex workers, young women, and drug addicts at free of cost.
In order to sustain in the world it s necessary for sex-workers and young age people to afford that medicine. Policy makers can supply this medicine as per the demand of people so that in future people can overcome these diseases. Marketing of that product is necessary to aware people so that they can easily buy that product without any hesitation (Powell et al. 2019). Pre-payment mechanism helps to use the natural resources effectively as this insurance helps to afford an ambulance, diagnosis charges, “pre-exposure prophylaxis” medicine charges, consultation charges, and room rent, which is necessary at the time of mitigating health issues.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that there are several public health issues for HIV that have been raised in the UK, such as cardiovascular disease, heart disease, cancer, and another kidney-related disease. People have to mitigate such disease, and they need to use pre-payment mechanism, which is used for low-income people such as young women, drug addicts, and sex workers. “Pre-exposure prophylaxis” medicine needs to provide by the government; thus, sex workers can use it to mitigate their HIV related issues. Apart from that, the recommended option has been provided, which will help the human health system to make it better. Efficient health habits have also been discussed; thus, young women, sex workers, and drug injectors can understand the system’s effectiveness.
Reference List
Abadie, R., Goldenberg, S., Welch-Lazoritz, M. and Fisher, C.B., 2018. Establishing trust in HIV/HCV research among people who inject drugs (PWID): insights from empirical research. PloS one, 13(12), p.e0208410.
Ataguba, J.E., Asante, A.D., Limwattananon, S. and Wiseman, V., 2018. How to do (or not to do)… a health financing incidence analysis. Health policy and planning, 33(3), pp.436-444.
Auerbach, J.D., Gerritsen, A.A., Dallabetta, G., Morrison, M. and Garnett, G.P., 2020. A tale of two cascades: promoting a standardized tool for monitoring progress in HIV prevention. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 23, p.e25498.
Burns, L.R. and Pauly, M.V., 2018. Transformation of the health care industry: curb your enthusiasm?. The Milbank Quarterly, 96(1), pp.57-109.
Elopre, L., McDavid, C., Brown, A., Shurbaji, S., Mugavero, M.J. and Turan, J.M., 2018. Perceptions of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among young, black men who have sex with men. AIDS patient care and STDs, 32(12), pp.511-518.
McVeigh, J. and Begley, E., 2017. Anabolic steroids in the UK: an increasing issue for public health. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 24(3), pp.278-285.
Michael, G.C., Aliyu, I. and Grema, B.A., 2019. Health financing mechanisms and extension of health coverage to the poor and vulnerable groups: What options are available in the Nigerian context?. Journal of Health Research and Reviews, 6(3), p.126.
Nunn, A.S., Brinkley-Rubinstein, L., Oldenburg, C.E., Mayer, K.H., Mimiaga, M., Patel, R. and Chan, P.A., 2017. Defining the HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis care continuum. AIDS (London, England), 31(5), p.731.
Powell, B.J., Fernandez, M.E., Williams, N.J., Aarons, G.A., Beidas, R.S., Lewis, C.C., McHugh, S.M. and Weiner, B.J., 2019. Enhancing the impact of implementation strategies in healthcare: a research agenda. Frontiers in public health, 7, p.3.
Riddell, J., Amico, K.R. and Mayer, K.H., 2018. HIV preexposure prophylaxis: a review. Jama, 319(12), pp.1261-1268.
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