LD7166 Project Implementation in a Multinational Context Assignment Sample 2023
Part A
Project report
1.0 Section 1: Country brief
It can be seen that in the 21st century, the pharmaceutical industry in UK had crossed a long way and it was established in the 19th century. It had experienced various turmoils which had a definite impact on the development of the pharmaceutical industry in UK. After the year 1957 it has been seen that the pharmaceutical industry of UK had become more structured than previous days which includes making proper prescriptions in order to buy drugs from the shops. In that period of time, the National Health Service of UK had imposed a strategy of fixed price for all the organisations under the mentioned industry. This particular association also formulated several standards so that the quality of the medicines can be ensured by the business organisations.
| Factors | Facts |
| Political factors | ● The government of UK can be regarded as stable.
● The administration system of UK is more powerful than other countries around the world. ● Brexit has been introduced in the picture of UK (Marketingtutor.net, 2019). |
| Economic factors | ● The nominal rate of GDP of this particular country can be observed as 2.744 trillion US dollars that can be regarded as a higher rate of GDP as compared to other countries in the world (Menegaki and Damigos, 2018).
● Diverse economy can be responsible for offering various business opportunities to the business organisations. ● High amount of foreign direct investments in businesses of UK. ● The inflation rate of UK can be mentioned as 1.94% in the year 2019 (Marketingtutor.net, 2019). ● The rate of employment in the country UK can be regarded as high in comparison to other countries. |
| Social factors | ● The government of UK is considering investing a large amount of money in the healthcare sector.
● Education system can be regarded as updated. ● The citizens of UK can be considered as having a high income (Marketingtutor.net, 2019). |
| Technological factors | ● This country is engaged in research in the field of technology.
● This country can be considered as the leading technological country. As opined by Achinas et al. (2019), various modern technology can be seen as used in this country such as artificial intelligence, robotics, Internet of Things. |
| Legal factors | ● Following the employment Act 1996 in order to mitigate the issue of unemployment.
● Trying to mitigate the issue of gender discrimination among people considering equity act 2010 (Vallati and Grassi, 2019). |
| Environmental factors | ● The specific country is focusing upon usage of less amount of plastic.
● Using eco-friendly products in order to ensure environmental sustainability. |
Table: PESTLE analysis of UK
(Source: Created by author)
Analysis
It can be said that the government of the UK can be regarded as a stable government, so that their policies and regulations are also stable. Therefore the project may have to face less amount of difficulty in order to conform to the regulations of the government. As stated by Christodoulou and Cullinane, (2019), the introduction of brexit can be regarded as beneficial for the project because Britain cannot influence the performance of the project. Apart from that, the government of the UK is interested to invest a great amount of money in the healthcare sector so that the project can be benefitted as it is a project of the pharmaceutical industry.
On the other hand, technology in the UK can be regarded as advanced so that the mentioned project can exploit them in order to improve their operation. This can help the project management in order to manufacture antiretroviral drugs including Zidovudine and Lamivudine. On the other hand, the project should be concentrating upon the environmental factors so that environmental sustainability can be maintained. They should limit their use of plastic that can be regarded as detrimental for environmental benefits. As per the view of Wang and Jie, (2020), apart from that, the project should follow the law formulated by the government of UK so that they can avoid the challenge of gender discrimination among their employees. It can be seen that the amount of Foreign Direct Investment can be regarded as high in UK that can be beneficial for the sustainability of the present project.
2.0 Section 2: Cultural and communication challenges
There are various challenges that are associated with the project named Thomas Pharmaceutical International Development of TPID. Those challenges can be responsible for imposing negative impact on the project so that the project may fail to deliver their objectives and products within the stipulated time limit. The challenges of the project can be discussed from various perspectives and those can be elaborated as follows:
Governance and organisation
It can be seen that difference in organisational structure and components of governance can create a definite challenge for the mentioned project. In that particular project, various departments were controlled by representatives of different countries therefore there can be seen evidence of lack of coordination. Project management tends to be controlled by the country China, facility management tends to be managed by the country Spain, Japan has been responsible for design and procurement, training and staffing are controlled by the country Greece, the management of project information has been controlled by UK. It can be seen that as the coordination between different departments of the project is less therefore the project may fail to deliver the desired outcome in the global market.
On the other hand, in such projects the corruption can be seen within the responsible persons that are associated with the project. As opined by Kazzazi et al. (2017), the project may face the challenges of lack of financial control that can be regarded as detrimental for the gaining success of the project. The information cannot be transferred to the responsible person in a hierarchical manner and this can create a challenge for the mentioned project. The ineffectiveness or inefficiency of the executive team can be resulted in improper management of the data and information related to the project.
Project management
It can be seen that the effectiveness of leadership in a project can be regarded as one of the essential factors in order to ensure the success of the project. Lack of communication among the responsible people of this particular project can create a definite challenge for this project. Apart from that, the budget of the specific project should be prepared in a proper way so that the balance between expenditure and profit can be maintained. As per the view by Wongwanich et al. (2021), the leaders of the project should understand the different requirements of the employees so that the performance of the employees can be improved and help the project in order to be finished within the given time limit. On the other hand, the communication should be ensured between the responsible persons as they are living in different countries. Miscommunication can be regarded as a threat for the project to be successful in the global market.
Figure 2: Risks of the project
(Source: Created by author)
Management of stakeholder
It can be seen that in the mentioned project employees from different countries are involved therefore the cultural difference among them can be regarded as a common factor that can impose a challenge to the project. The leader of the project should show respect to people from different cultures so that employee commitment can be achieved. Apart from that, the management of a particular project should understand the different factors of motivation for the people having different cultural backgrounds otherwise they cannot be able to motivate people in order to give their best performance in the project. As stated by Kumar and Jha, (2018), on the other hand, the management of the project can select their employees on the basis of their skills and talents so that they can contribute to the project in order to ensure the proper delivery of the mentioned project. Apart from that, they should keep a team that can be responsible for looking after the issue of cultural differences otherwise the employees may suffer.
3.0 Section 3: Critical success factors
It can be seen that in order to get the success in a particular project, various factors can be held as responsible and those factors should be considered by the management of the project. In order to finish this project within the given timeline the management should consider having effective leadership so that the stakeholders can be managed in a proper way. On the other hand, the management should ensure the effective communication among the responsible people of the project because they are living in different countries around the world such as Greece, UK, Spain, Japan, China, and Sweden. Apart from that the management of the project should identify the risks that are associated with the project so that they can be able to mitigate those risks in order to gain success of the mentioned project.
The suppliers of this project should be properly communicated so that a positive relationship can be maintained with them and supply can be continuous. As stated by Fickweiler et al. (2017), on the other hand, the employees of the project should be appointed properly so that their performance can be beneficial for the project in order to be successful in the market. They should identify the cultural differences among the employees coming from different cultures so that they can be able to motivate their employees in appropriate ways.
4.0 Section 4: Summary and Conclusion
It can be seen from the above analysis that this report deals with the effectiveness and challenges of a particular project that can be named Thomas Pharmaceutical International Development of TPID. This project is concerned with designing, constructing and validating a system of manufacturing of anti-revotrival drugs that can be considered as combined of two different salts and those can be mentioned as Zidovudine and Lamivudine. The mentioned facility is focusing on mainly two levels of production regarding the drug manufacturing. Those levels can be mentioned as secondary level of production and tertiary level of production. The secondary level of production includes producing the final products from the raw materials and excipients.
On the other hand, tertiary level of production can be comprised of packaging and labelling of the final drug products. It can be seen from the given scenario that this project has failed in terms of various factors. Those factors can be mentioned as poor performance of the employees and management, inappropriate planning of the budget so that profit margin is low, problems in audit, ineffective leadership and failure to deliver the project outcome within the stipulated time limit. It can be seen from the above analysis, the project may have to face various challenges regarding governance and organisation of the project, project management and managing the stakeholders of the project. The project may suffer from difficulty in controlling the corruption among the leaders as the leaders are residing in various locations around the world.
Apart from that, the project has to face the challenge of cultural differences in order to manage people from different cultural backgrounds. From the PESTLE analysis, it can be seen that the government of UK is investing a large amount of money in the healthcare sector so that this project can be able to mitigate their economic challenges. On the other hand, technological advancement in UK can help the management of the project in order to maintain communication among different departments of the project so that coordination can be maintained. This project can be regarded as feasible.
Part B
Essay
Introduction
There are always certain potential challenges that can be identified in a construction project or any kind of projects and that are also needed to be mitigated before they actually affect the project. The thesis statement of this essay is “A critical evaluation of the potential challenges faced in the governance and management of complex construction projects in non-developed countries using multi-national sponsors and project teams”. In this essay, a brief description regarding the potential challenges that are faced by the project managers in the countries that are not completely developed and using multi-national sponsors. This essay will include examples of certain real-life projector construction that can be proved helpful for this essay.
Critical Analysis of Challenges in Construction Project
The construction projects are one of the riskiest projects as there are huge chances of the labours getting injured while working on the site. Generally, the construction projects that take place in under-developed as well as in non-developed countries are quite complex and they need to use multinational sponsors as well as project teams as they do not have those facilities in those places (Abanda et al. 2017). Hence; the construction projects that are developed in those parts of the country are generally quite complex and the project managers need to make more efforts for constructing a building or any other project in those areas. As started by Ahsan and Rahman, (2017), the main risk that can be faced by the people while developing the project is a lack of sponsors, without sponsors, it is not possible to develop a building in an under-developed country. It is quite hard to find people who will actually agree to invest in the project because there is less scope in those constructions and it will be very costly to bring all the facilities from a developed country to that non-developed country. In contrast, as stated by Awadh, (2017), all the equipment that is required for the construction will be needed to carry to that particular construction site, this process will be really costly. Another thing that will be needed o be done by the project management companies will be to bring their expertise with them to the site and then find labours from that country otherwise, it will not be possible for the managers to bring their labours from their country as they will not be able to get any profit from that entire project. Moreover, while doing a complex construction in a non-developed country there will be risks of getting objection from the political parties as well as the government of that particular country (Banihashemi et al. 2017). Hence; in order to mitigate this particular challenge the management of the company is needed to make sure that they are aware of all the rules and regulations of the government and do not break any of them.
As stated by Costin et al. (2018), these countries are under-developed, hence; there will not be a good facility of a hospital or medical help in case any hazardous situation takes place in the construction or anyone in the workplace fall ill. For example, in the year 2006, the national newspaper of Bangladesh has reported the death of 50 construction workers by falling from the height of the construction site and then got in contact with an electric cable. This mainly happened as they did not have enough facilities to make sure each and every people working on the site stays safe. On the other hand, as per the views of Dainty et al. (2017), another report of the year 2012, there has been a case in Afghanistan that shows that more than 35 labours have been found dead due to the outbreak of fire in the construction site. These examples show that there are many challenges that can be faced by the people as well as construction managers while constructing a building in the countries that are under-developed or non-developed such as Bangladesh, Afghanistan, and Angola etc.
In addition to that, in this particular industry, there is also a huge chance of facing loss due to any kind of delay or a construction problem. Each and every construction project is having unique challenges and this is exactly why the project managers are having distinctive roles as well as responsibilities that will help them to complete the entire project with fewer challenges as well as restrictions. As per the article of Demirkesen and Ozorhon, (2017), it can be seen that approximately 98% of the construction projects are crossing their budget, and 77% of the construction projects are suffering from delays and are not able to be delivered by the actual deadline. Hence; there are several issues as well as challenges that are leading to these delays and over budgets.
As stated by Ferdous et al. (2019), the biggest risk that is faced by the management, as well as governance of the project management companies in a project of construction, is the challenge of insufficient risk management. In certain times it can be observed that the safeguards are put by the project managers in place for the risk that is long-term. However, often the short-term issues are left out of the equation in this process. These are the issues that can easily spread and start to have an impact on the bottom line in real. On the other hand, as per the views of Hong et al. (2019), this challenge can be occurred due to any situation such as the sub-contractors not being reliable, and conflicts in the schedule, the change of mind of the stakeholders or any small issue. This challenge can occur at any particular point of the project hence; it is very important for the project managers to develop a backup plan as well as a contingency plan that can be used for the actual plan of the project failure. As stated by Hosseini et al. (2018), this contingency plan should include building certain woggle rooms and include them in the schedule and making investments in the purposes such as proving safety training to the labours that will help the managers to avoid any such risks. On the other hand, as stated by Jiang et al. (2018), another risk that can be considered as one of the biggest potential risks that can be faced by the project managers and governance in any type of construction project is having a lack of structure. It is important for any company as well as the project managers that they clear goals otherwise it will not be easy for them to get things done in a perpetual as well as efficient manner. If the people that are taking care of a particular construction project is not having a clear and definite goal then it is very easy for that particular project to fall behind or cross the budget of the project or even both. Hence; the construction companies are needed to make sure that before starting a particular project they are needed to make sure the actual goal is clear to them so that they will be able to give the responsibility of a particular part to a particular person. On contrary, as per the views of Li et al. (Lu et al. 2017), performance management is considered the key aspect of the management of a particular project. In addition to that, for implementing this performance management in the company and allocate tasks to the proper person, each person of the company will need to perform their own task as they are being allocated by the management of the company. For example, in the article by Mavi and Standing, (2018), it has been seen that a construction project was forced to be shut down as the management was not clear about the goal and were not able to allocate a particular task to a person.
A per the views of Menegaki and Damigos, (2018), communication is considered as one of the most important tools that are important for each and every type of project as well as business. Having poor communication between the team members can be proved as a big challenge for the project managers as well as the governance of the company in order to build a construction project. Though communication plays a crucial role in all kind of businesses still communication is especially necessary when the management of the company needs to handle multiple parties such as labours, clients, suppliers as well as stakeholders. The management, as well as governance of the company, is needed to have good communication skills that will help them in order to make sure that the company is not facing any kind of internal issues as well as external issues. On contrary, as stated by Ozorhon and Karahan, (2017), without effective as well as clear communication the project management team can be aware of certain important tasks that can be proved very risky for the project in future. Therefore, the project managers, as well as the governance of the companies, are needed to make a clear guideline for all the workers that are working under the team and being in good communication with them. Hence; the managers can stay aware of any problem that is faced by them or going to be faced by them.
As stated by Pietzsch et al. (2017), the construction industry is an industry that is mostly based on reputation. Having limited skills in the team can really be considered as one of the big challenges in this industry and can even affect the reputation of the company in this market. Generally, people like to work with people that are experienced and that can be trusted. Hence; before recruiting an employee the company is needed to make sure that they are having proper skills and can be trusted in any case.
There are a few risks that can be faced by the project managers while constructing a building in the counties that have not been that much developed yet, those are such as a failure of logistic, changes of design, labour disputes, rush bidding, labour productivity and time gap and many more reasons (Thomson et al. 2017). The management of the construction companies is needed to make sure that they do not let these risks happen in the construction sites and main in the areas that are under-developed.
Conclusion
It can be concluded by analysing this whole essay that the challenges of the construction industry that are faced by the project manager as well as the corporate governance of the company have been included in it. In addition to that, a few recommendations regarding the mitigation of these challenges have also been included in this essay. Insufficiency of the risk management of the company as well as the project is one of the challenges that can really affect the project and slow down the construction that will let the company miss the actual deadline for the project. As these type of risks can always occur in a construction project hence the project managers need to develop a contingency plan commonly known as plan B that will help the company to avoid the delay as well as over budget of the plan. Moreover, lack of structure as well as poor communication is also two of the main challenges that can be considered as potential risks and can affect the construction. This challenge can be mitigated only if the management of the company prepares a proper guideline that needs to be followed by all the people that are working under to particular Project Management Company.
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