Literature Review Assignment Sample
Executive Summary
A Literature Review refers to a systematic survey of scholarly sources such as journals, articles, books, thesis, etc. related to a particular topic or the research question. The present report highlights the review of the present literature outlining the probable belongings of garlic supplementation in older adults on lasting cardiovascular illness. It includes effects and benefits of garlic and its preparations on different cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, platelet aggregation, etc.
Introduction
A Literature Review refers to a systematic survey of scholarly sources such as journals, articles, books, thesis, etc. related to a particular topic or the research question (Kivimäki & Steptoe, 2018). It provides a summary, description, and critically evaluates these scholarly sources in relation to the research topic or problem under investigation. The present report highlights the review of the present literature outlining the potential effects of garlic supplementation in older adults on long-term cardiovascular diseases. Further, the report will also put light on positive effects of garlic and its preparations on treating and preventing cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, platelet aggregation, etc.
Literature Review
In opinion of Rawshani et. al. (2017), the growth of cardiovascular diseases is increasing at a rapid pace and is imposing a great threat for the developing and the developed world warranting an urgent requirement of intrusion and prevention. Alternative and complementary medication is gaining much popularity among the world population because of its easy administration and safety profile. Garlic is considered is the popular disease-preventive foods due to its compelling and extensive belongings. According to Fuchs & Whelton (2020), garlic and its supplements have been known as strong manager intended for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular as well as other metabolic ailments such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and hypertension. The effectiveness of garlic supplements in preventing and regulating cardiovascular diseases was empowering in the experimental researches, which further initiated clinical trials. A number of clinical trials observed positive effects of garlic and its preparations on almost all heart and metabolic conditions. However, several negative studies have questioned the efficacy of garlic, particularly the lowering impactsof garlic on the levels of cholesterol in the human body.
In the modern world, plant-based purposeful food substanceshave grown much recognition and popularity across the globe and it is supposed that natural ingredients have the possibility to decrease the negative effects of various heart diseases and the numerous risk factors associated with them. The plausiblerationale for this mounting trend is the skeptical method of general people towards orthodox methods of medication due to the distress of side effects and increased expenses. As observed by Andersson & Vasan (2018), garlic is used as a beneficial agent for many diseases and illnesses over decades. Moreover, garlic is recognized as an essential nutritional as well as a medicinal supplement in social history. Garlic and its several supplements have been willingly addicted as a spice and food by different traditions for decades. It is known to hold beneficial outcomes for the deterrence and treatment of several aspects of heart diseases which include hypertension, dyslipidemia, platelet adhesion, and fibrinolytic activities, etc.
According to Naveed et. al. (2020) garlic is obtainable in various types amid which uncooked garlic and aqueous extort preparations are the most commonly used. Allicin is major bioactive component in garlic and it principally holds sulfur as the major ingredient which on breaking down provides garlic its featured odor. It formed as an outcome of stimulation of the alliinase enzyme after chopping or crushing uncooked garlic. Alliinase enzyme is incapacitated by warmth parting following alliin as principal component in attendance the water extracted from heat-treated garlic. Other than Alliin, other crucialsulfur-containing complex present in garlic homogenate comprise of 1-Propenyl Allyl Thiosulfonate, γ-L-glutamyl-S-alkyl-L-cysteine, and Allyl Methyl Thiosulfonate. A garlic bulb constitutes up to 0.9% G-glutamyl cysteine and up to 1.8% Alliin.
Garlic and prevention of cardiovascular diseases in older people
In the opinion of Choudhary et. al. (2018), cardiovascular diseases are the leading rationales behind mortality and morbidity across the globe. The role and contribution of garlic and its supplementsin the prevention of heart diseases in older people have been a concerning topic for many years. Several studies and observational experiments were done on animals have highlighted encouraging outcomes and results. However, the observations and claimed advantages were not reinforced by the suggestion-based clinical trials and studies. This fact encouraged several researchers and scholars to conduct clinical experiments and trials to explore and analyze the connotation as well as the efficacy of garlic with various pieces of heart diseases in older people.
In the opinion of Alam et.al. (2018), garlic has gained focus and popularity in recent years due to its probable role in the anticipation of several featuresof heart diseases in older people. In addition to this, several studies suggest that garlic functions through an assortment of apparatuses to attain such positive effect comprising of inhibition of platelet aggregation, lessening of serum lipids and levels of blood-pressure, and growing fibrinolytic antioxidant activity. A huge number of studies and researches have highlighted the positive effects of garlic; however, a very few numbersopposing studies have observed the role of garlic questionable regarding its effects on levels of lipidandhypertension.
Effects of Garlic onHypertension
According to Limbu et. al. (2019), hypertension is a huge risk factor leading to cardiovascular diseases in older people. As observed in recent studies and journals, hypertension is affecting 1 billion people across the globe, and this number is predictable to increaseto 1.6 billion by the year 2025. Consistent consumption of garlic and its supplements has highlighted an association with the levels and control of blood pressure. Blood pressure control and falling properties of garlic are linkedto Allicin content and the production of Hydrogen Sulphide from Alliin and Alliinase enzyme that is implicit to have vasodilating and Angiotensin II inhibiting effects. Garlic and its preparations are widely used by people across the globe as a treatment and preventive remedy to control the levels of blood pressure. According to a recent survey, nearly 30% of older individuals use garlic for controlling the levels of blood pressure.
The antihypertensive aspects of garlic have been researched and observed through various studies, however, the remaining contradictory studies have highlighted controversial results. The medical examination initiated by Zhang et al. which included the consumption of garlic oil in hypertensive patients of older generation over duration of 16 weeks observed crucial outcomes. In addition to this, a clinical trial using pearls of garlic containing 250mgof garlic among the hypertensive patients for a duration of two months depicted a decrease in the levels of blood pressure as well as also demonstrated a decrease in biomarkers.Biomarkers are accountable for oxidative pressure in human blood (plasma, and urinary concentration of 8-iso-Prostaglandin F2alpha, plasma-oxidized LDL), hence, ultimately reducing the risk factor associated with cardiovascular diseases in older people.
According to Park et. al. (2017), various apparatuses of action for the Blood-pressure controlling possessions of organosulfur composites present in garlic have been hypothesized, comprising of meditation of intracellular NOorNitric Oxide and H2S or Hydrogen Sulfide production. In addition to this, it also includes blockage of Angiotensin II production which further encourages vasodilation and hence lessens and controls the levels of blood pressure. The majority of studies and researches suggest that garlic supplements are safe. The most common reported side effects to comprise garlic taste, breath, and body odor. Large intakes of garlic and its preparations, whether through supplements or diet, thins the blood and increases the risk factor associated with bleeding combined with anticoagulant medication and treatment.
In the observation of Rahmawati & Bajorek (2017), garlic and its preparations appear to be a very effective and recognized remedy for the prevention and treatment against high blood pressure. Reports also suggest that garlic is as effective as standard medications for lowering the levels of blood pressure- with much fewer side effects. Hence, the researches and studies show that garlic helps to reduce diastolic and systolic levels of blood pressure by up to 11.2 mm Hg. Moreover, in some instances, garlic supplements also function as effectively as standard medications for lowering the levels of hypertension or blood pressure, with fewer side effects.
Effect of garlic onDyslipidemia
In the opinion of Rysz et. al. (2017), Dyslipidemia is recognized as a key risk aspect associated with the advance of cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis. Lipid aberrations comprise of high triglycerides and low HDL-C (high-density lipoproteins cholesterol) levels, and high LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol). Cholesterol found in pre-B-lipoprotein and β-lipoprotein (LDL) deposits into the blood vessels, whereas α-lipoprotein (HDL) supports the reduction of serum cholesterol. Shreds of evidence and outcomes of studies support the vital role of garlic and its preparations in the prevention and conduct of hypercholesterolemia by the inhibition of oxidation of low-density lipoproteins and through inhibition cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver. Dietary approaches are the initial measures and steps to manage dyslipidemia and a lot of older people with dyslipidemia use garlic and its preparations as a substitute medication to control and regularize their raised levels of lipid. As garlic is considered as an important nutritional that contains medicinal component in social history. Garlic and its several supplements have been willingly addicted as a spice and food by different traditions for decades.
Several clinical trials that used dissimilar forms of garlic preparations and supplements in patients with hypercholesterolemia have depicted controversial outcomes, as well as it assumed that such in consistencies Ave resulted because of the variations in the structure of garlic preparations and supplements. According to Chen (2019), Dyslipidemia is the increase in triglycerides, cholesterol, and levels of LDL with a decline in levels of HDL (below 40 mg). Clinical experiments and trials discovering the properties of garlic and its different supplements in hypercholesterolemia have depicted some inconsistent outcomes. The diverse amount and composition of vigorous sulfur composite of various garlic supplements and arrangements used in different experiments might be accountable for conflicting and indifferent verdicts.
In addition to this Limbu et. al. (2019), observed that garlic and its preparations reduce serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, moreover, it moderately increases HDL cholesterol. It is observed from various studies and researches that garlic has anti-hyperlipidemic properties and abilities. Also, the intake of garlic and its supplements by older people induces the level of TC and LDL. Garlic is discovered as a component having multiple effects on cardiovascular diseases which comprise of lowering of blood pressure, reduction in cholesterol and TG, and enhancement of fibrinolytic activity. Several studies have also shown that different extracts of garlic and its preparations have alone lowered the levels of serum in TC, and TG, and LDL in humans. Reports also suggest that garlic is as effective as standard medications for lowering the levels of blood pressure- with much fewer side effects.
Effect on platelets and fibrinolytic activities
According to Alam et. al. (2018), garlic has advantageous effects on platelet aggregation and adhesion which is a potential risk factor associated with cardiovascular diseases in older people. The self-compression components of Allicin and Ajeones are recognized to possess antithrombotic actions, combined with their probable effect in reserve of platelet adhesion or aggregation. Garlic also improves the dissolution of thrombi and clots through fibrinolysis. Several trials and experiments highlighted in journals and scholarly articles have depicted the usefulness and beneficiary effects of garlic and its supplements against platelets. The trials also observed that garlic sources inhibition of platelet adhesion by several mechanisms comprising of embarrassment of cyclooxygenase activities resulting in grown levels of messengers (cGMP and cAMP) within the platelets. Moreover, it also exhibits the properties of robust antioxidants by increasing the creation of platelet-derived NO. Garlic also decreases the capacity of platelets to bind to fibrinogen, hence overall leading to the inhibition of platelet adhesion and enhanced fibrinolytic activities.
Clinical trials showed various results such as AGE excerptalteredraw form of garlic-inhibited platelet adhesion by over powering the incursion of calcium ions via their chelation within platelet cytosol and by changing intracellular subsequent runners within the platelets. The other trial or experiment also demonstrated dose-dependentinhibition of platelet adhesion, which is AGE inhibited platelet adhesion at a dose of 7.2 gm. Butthe fibrinolytic activities were inhibited at all the experimented doses among older patients with hypercholesterolemia. The other study used garlic oil as a component highlighted two significantparaffinic polysulphides diallyl trisulphide (DATS) and diallyl disulfide (DADS), which are chiefly responsible for instigating antiplatelet inhibition. The act of DATS was observed as more compelling in comparison to DADS. However, it was observed that reserve of platelet by DATS was revocable. The outcomes of this particular trial made the researchers articulate that garlic oil is ineffective touse with patients with co morbid challenging required inhibition of platelets and fibrinolytic activities. Hence, all the studies and researches showed positive effects of garlic supplementation on cardiovascular diseases in older people, however, the above listed two clinical trials showed no effects on platelet and fibrinolytic activities. Garlic inhibits platelet adhesion by numerous mechanisms and also plays a role in the inhibition and conduct of heart diseases.
Role of Garlic on Vascular Dilation and Endothelium
According to Chiu et. al. (2018), garlic majorly protects against cardiovascular disorders by reducing the levels of lipid levels, however, some studies and trials demonstrate that garlic and its preparations have some effects on vascular dilation and endothelium through inhibiting the oxidation course. Garlic possesses allicin which acts as a principallively component with a prospect to offer positive effects on the cardiovascular system. A study highlighted that allicin causes enrichment of antioxidant condition by decreasing reactive oxygen species and enhancing the levels of producing glutathione. In a similar manner, Andersson & Vasan, (2018), also observed that garlic and its preparations prevent older people from heart disorders through inhibition of LDL oxidation, thereby, preventing atherosclerosis of vessels, and the significant risk factors associated with cardiovascular disorders.
Hence, garlic has been associated largely with health advantages and benefits. It is widely recognized from curing a cold to lowering the levels of blood pressure and the levels cholesterol. Garlic contains vitamin B6 and vitamin C, selenium, and manganese. It also contains a chemical component known as allicin, which is a type of antioxidant majorly contributing to be responsible for its beneficial effects. Diallyl trisulfide is a major constituent of garlic oil that helps in protecting the heart throughout cardiac surgery and post heart attack. The researchers also believe that diallyl trisulfide is also an excellent remedy to prevent and treat heart failure.
In addition to this, Kivimäki & Steptoe, (2018), also stated that garlic extract supplementation is well-known for improving the profile of blood lipid, strengthening potential blood antioxidants, and also results in significantly reducing diastolic and systolic blood pressures. Moreover, garlic extract supplementation also results in decreasing the levels of oxidation produce or MDA in the blood trials, which further highlights decreased oxidation responses in the human body. Thus, garlic extract supplements and their preparations help in reducing high levels of cholesterol in the human body. It also regulates and controls the blood pressure levels in patients of the older generation with hypertension.
Conclusion
The literature review conducted above concludes that garlic supplementation is a significant natural remedy to prevent and treat long-term cardiovascular disorders in older people. The section emphasized the positive effects of garlic and its preparations on treating and preventing cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, platelet aggregation, etc. Garlic is the most commonly used remedy to prevent cardiovascular disorders across the globe. Several studies, researches, journals, and other scholarly sources have been accessed to extract relevant information and outcomes related to clinical trials and experiments with garlic and its preparations. A significant portion of articles, trials, researches, and experiments highlighted the beneficial effects of garlic supplementation on cardiovascular diseases in older people. However, the literature review section also includes contradictory outcomes and results in yield from certain trials and experiments.
References
Books and Journals
Alam, M. K., Nyeem, M. A. B., & Samad, M. A. (2018). Effects of garlic on hyperlipidemia: A review. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 6(2), 44-48. Retrieved from: https://www.plantsjournal.com/archives/2018/vol6issue2/PartA/6-2-2-678.pdf
Andersson, C., & Vasan, R. S. (2018). Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in young individuals. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 15(4), 230. Retrieved from: https://www.plantsjournal.com/archives/2018/vol6issue2/PartA/6-2-2-678.pdf
Chen, K., Xie, K., Liu, Z., Nakasone, Y., Sakao, K., Hossain, M., & Hou, D. X. (2019). Preventive effects and mechanisms of garlic on dyslipidemia and gut microbiome dysbiosis. Nutrients, 11(6), 1225. Retrieved from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/6/1225
Chiu, H. F., Shen, Y. C., Venkatakrishnan, K., & Wang, C. K. (2018). Popular functional foods and nutraceuticals with lipid lowering activity and in relation to cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and related complications: an overview. Journal of Food Bioactives, 2, 16-27. Retrieved from: http://www.isnff-jfb.com/index.php/JFB/article/view/20
Choudhary, P. R., Jani, R. D., & Sharma, M. S. (2018). Effect of raw crushed garlic (Allium sativum L.) on components of metabolic syndrome. Journal of dietary supplements, 15(4), 499-506. Retrieved from: http://www.isnff-jfb.com/index.php/JFB/article/view/20
Fuchs, F. D., & Whelton, P. K. (2020). High blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. Hypertension, 75(2), 285-292. Retrieved from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19390211.2017.1358233
Kivimäki, M., & Steptoe, A. (2018). Effects of stress on the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 15(4), 215. Retrieved from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19390211.2017.1358233
Limbu, A., Rauniar, G. P., Sharma, S. K., Panday, D. R., Shah, B. K.,& Subedi, M. (2019). Short-term Effect of Garlic Extract on Patients with Dyslipidemia. Nepal Medical College Journal, 21(4), 301-305. Retrieved from: https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/nmcj/article/view/27626
Naveed, M., Majeed, F., Taleb, A., Zubair, H. M., Shumzaid, M., Farooq, M. A., … & Changxing, L. (2020). A review of medicinal plants in cardiovascular disorders: benefits and risks. The American journal of Chinese medicine, 48(02), 259-286. Retrieved from: https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0192415X20500147
Park, B. M., Chun, H., Chae, S. W., & Kim, S. H. (2017). Fermented garlic extract ameliorates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. Journal of Functional Foods, 30, 247-253. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1756464617300348
Rahmawati, R., & Bajorek, B. V. (2017). Self-medication among people living with hypertension: a review. Family practice, 34(2), 147-153. Retrieved from: https://academic.oup.com/fampra/article/34/2/147/2949263?login=true
Rawshani, A., Rawshani, A., Franzén, S., Eliasson, B., Svensson, A. M., Miftaraj, M., … & Gudbjörnsdottir, S. (2017). Mortality and cardiovascular disease in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. New England journal of medicine, 376(15), 1407-1418. Retrieved from: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa1608664
Rysz, J., Franczyk, B., Banach, M., & Gluba-Brzozka, A. (2017). Hypertension-current natural strategies to lower blood pressure. Current pharmaceutical design, 23(17), 2453-2461. Retrieved from: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cpd/2017/00000023/00000017/art00006
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