Literature Review Assignment Sample
Topic: Reduction of solid waste in water treatment
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The dispersion of solid waste is a huge problem and can threaten the present as well as the future generation if not treated properly. Water is an essential commodity for life without which no living organism cannot survive. Saving water is a duty of every citizen in order to thrive in the long run. Water is not only important for drinking but it is equally important for other essential household activities. Management of solid waste is a big issue yet to be resolved completely. The crisis of water is largely faced by all the citizens in the world that impacts the life of common people. Measures are being taken by the government in order to reduce the wastage of water as well to reduce the solid waste in water so that it can be utilized for essential activities (Brotosusil et al., 2020). The citizens also should take responsibility to protect the environment and keep the water bodies clean. This can be done by not throwing waste materials into the river bodies, ocean, ponds.
In this literature review the impact of solid waste has been discussed that affects the water resources in the world. The measures taken by the government that can reduce the wastage of water due to solid waste has been implicated.
2.2 Definition of solid waste
The word waste literally means useless which is of no worth. It can be in the form of garbage from plants, discarded materials, chemicals, food and much more. Solid waste does not only mean the waste materials in the solid form, but it also defines the semi solid or hazardous gasses that can be harmful for human beings, animals and plants. Wastage can be based on many factors.
Figure no 1: The Waste Hierarchy process
(Source: Brotosusil et al., 2020)
Recyclable waste that can be used in future by recycling the materials and stored for energy conservation. Waste cannot be classified as solid waste until it is hazardous for the environment (Afroze and Sen, 2018). The following products can be classified under solid waste: –
Garbage– the food waste that is organic in nature can be included under solid wastage, which is not harmful for the environment.
Rubbish– the waste excluding the food waste can be considered under this category which can be combustible or non- combustible.
Discarded things– the things that are of no use and are thrown away in order to avoid consumption of spaces or are burnt away (Zhang et al., 2019).
Littered waste– the waste materials such as plastic bottles lying in the public areas can be included in this type. Solid waste can come through various places such as- municipal waste that are collected in the municipalities such as – domestic waste, commercial waste, community waste, construction waste, industrial waste.
The hazardous waste that is harmful for the environment and should be processed in order to avoid threat to life.
Industrial waste– the waste materials that comes out after the manufacturing process (Zhang et al., 2021).
2.3 Impacts of solid waste on water bodies
Water is an essential commodity of life that can impact the living of common people. Solid waste in water can occur by the decomposition of plants, organic and inorganic waste that can pollute nature and restrict the utilization of it.
- The leachate sedimentation in the water bodies can also go into deeper levels. This results in the colour change of the water bodies like brown or black. Ammoniac nitrogen can also concentrate that can come from industrial waste (Dijk, 2018)
- Water waste can include copper, manganese, lead, cadmium, phosphate, nitrate and much more that are chemical compounds harmful for life.
- The living being’s other humans like animals, fish and plants are all dependent on the water present in the ground level that can pose a threat as they could die after drinking the chemicals present in the water (Wang et al., 2019).
- The vegetative cultivation in the agricultural field also gets impacted due to the wastage present in the water, which also affects the vegetation qualities.
- The poor vegetation affects the life of the farmers as the main income source of the farmers is based on agriculture.
- The wildlife also gets affected.
2.4 Process of water treatment to reduce solid waste
Water waste refers to waters which contain materials like- human waste, oil, food scrap and chemicals. Every production firm and business should install a water waste treatment system to reduce water pollution (Singh et al., 2019). The wastewater treatment includes three stages depending on water quality. The stages are-
Figure no 2: Waste Water treatment Process
(Source: Singh et al., 2019)
- Primary wastewater treatment
- Secondary wastewater treatment
- Tertiary wastewater treatment
Primary wastewater treatment includes filtering out solid waste from the water. This method has been done through tanks and industrial water filters. Then the sludge or mud which is left after filtration is processed through a digester. The sludge naturally contains around 50% of the solid materials in wastewater. After doing the primary treatment the water is ready for secondary wastewater treatment.
Secondary wastewater treatment includes biological processes. In this stage small particles are removed from wastewater which is left in primary wastewater treatment. This involves anaerobic or aerobic breakdown process which implies bacteria uses any contaminants and particles as food and slowly gets rid of all nasty waste (Rahmasary et al., 2019). This process usually takes longer time than primary wastewater treatment because it includes various stages as it relies on aeration, interaction and biofiltration.
Tertiary wastewater treatment is designed to remove nitrates and phosphate from the water after doing secondary wastewater treatment (Quesada et al., 2019). This process occurs when the water is going to be recycled or sent through the sewer network. By law, every water network should send all water through sewer networks which are classified as ‘neutral’ in alkaline.
Moreover, wastewater collection is the first step in the wastewater treatment process. The collection of wastewaters is usually done by municipal corporations, business owners and house owners. The collected waste water is primarily from everyday activity like- cooking, cleaning, and more. Usually, these waters are collected and directed to a treatment plant through underground drainage systems or by tracks owned by either business people or by the government (Meena et al., 2019). The transportation process should be done under hygienic conditions. Then, the process of odour control. The wastewater contains lots of substances with foul smell. So, the treatment process should be done in a treatment plant. After this, the process of screening starts. It involves removal of large objects like- bags, plastics, rags, bottles and many more which may damage equipment. Failure of this process can create serious issues to the machine and equipment (Mazurkiewicz et al., 2020). Then the process of primary treatment starts. This process involves the separation of macrobiotic solid from the waste water. The treatment is done by pouring wastewater into a big tank which settles the solid matter at the surface of the tank. Then the solid waste is removed from the tank by large scrapers and pushed to the centre of the cylindrical tanks for further treatment. Then the remaining water is ready for secondary treatment.
2.5 Steps taken by government
Government can impose various rules and penalties to control these problems. This kind of problem can’t be solved without government intervention because this problem is not an individual problem rather a social problem (Brotosusilo et al., 2020). Therefore, government intervention is the only way to solve these kinds of problems. The steps of the government include-
Segregation at source– it is important to channelise the waste to wealth. This can happen by recovery, recycle and reuse of the waste. The waste is segregated into three streams- Biodegradable, Dry like- plastic, paper, woods and Domestic hazardous waste, before passing to the waste collector (Kala and Bolia, 2020).
Waste processing and treatment- the government made new rules to process the biodegradable goods and made them reusable. Government made many processing plants to do this work. Moreover, government provide subsidy if any private owner comes forward to do this work.3
Promotion of waste to energy- the governments made it mandatory for all industrial units to locate within 100 km from solid waste-based fuel plants (Joshiba et al., 2019).
Construction of a central monitoring committee- making law is not sufficient until and unless it is implemented properly. Implementation is more important than making a law. To implement it properly, the government constructed a committee which is known as the central monitoring committee to monitor and ensure the implementation of law (Crini and Lichtfouse, 2019).
Spread awareness – these kinds of social problems require proper awareness in the society. Spreading awareness is the most efficient way to solve these problems. government can spread awareness by advertising, providing subsidy or rewards for follow the rules and regulations, government doing campaign in schools, colleges to spread awareness (Jayaswal, Sahu and Gurjar, 2018). In order to made more influence by campaign, the government includes students in the campaign. Making goals- government set goals to reduce the water waste management. This is because it can enhance the speed of management (D’Inverno et al., 2020).
On the other hand, government can able to consider different activities as the national program of the pollution control. The schemes like conservation of water, management process of activities, harvesting activities, conservation of soil and moisture activities and the recharge of the groundwater activities along with the protection of flood al are include in theses process. The state government can consider several commands in context of the waste shed management and the development process of activities (Hu, Ma, and Wang, 2020). Moreover, the consideration of the PUC (Pollution under control activities) must be included here.
2.6 Responsibilities of citizens
Citizens are equally important for the reduction of solid waste in the water bodies and
Preserve the drinking water to avail a healthy life. Not only the government, the citizens also must take part in keeping the water clean. Citizens can practise the process of recycling, reuse and reduce (Fu et al., 2020). Few steps can be followed by the citizens in order to save water from toxic ting by chemical compounds and other components, in order to do so the following steps can be followed.
Avoiding the usage of plastic materials to reduce the harmful waste materials that can mix with water and cause life threat. Instead of using plastic materials or carry bags, paper bags can be used for carrying materials (Rahmasary,2019). The plastic wrap like- wrappers of chips and chocolate, fast food, biscuits, and much more. should be collected, and not thrown away in the water bodies near and thrown away in places where garbage is collected.
The septic tanks in houses must be cleaned at regular intervals, this will help to reduce the mixing and toxic ting of groundwater (Kala., 2020). Participating in the protection of water bodies at community level. This will help in spreading awareness in the community about the protection and preservation of water bodies from solid waste (Dijk, 2018).
Reporting the government if any issue related to water occurs in order to avoid the spread of diseases like food poison, diarrhoea and much more. Participating in the water waste collection programmes in the society that increase the sense of keeping the environment and water clean in order to utilize it properly (Meena et al, 2019). Using paper cup and glass bottles while drinking saves money and also avoids using plastic cups and plastic bottles which will save water pollution.
2.7 Conclusion
According to the whole research it can be concluded that, Reduction of Solid Waste in Water Treatment is important because due to the presence of huge solid waste mainly the drainage system is hampered. On the other hand, Aqua life is tremendously impacted by this issue. Government as well as individual steps must be considered here for the treatment of solid waste in water bodies. The activities and the strategies discussed here critically evaluate the whole process of water treatment in context of the solid waste materials. The municipality areas and regulations must be followed by every citizen. The approach and the strategies mostly include the strategy-based process through which logical resolution can be possible here.
Reference list
Brotosusilo, A., Nabila, S.H., Negoro, H.A. and Utari, D., 2020. The level of individual participation of community in implementing effective solid waste management policies. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 6(3), pp.341-354.
Crini, G. and Lichtfouse, E., 2019. Advantages and disadvantages of techniques used for wastewater treatment. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 17(1), pp.145-155.
D’Inverno, G., Carosi, L., Romano, G. and Guerrini, A., 2018. Water pollution in wastewater treatment plants: An efficiency analysis with undesirable output. European Journal of Operational Research, 269(1), pp.24-34.
Dijk, M.P.V., 2018. Smart Eco-Cities Are Managing Information Flows in an Integrated Way: The Example of Water, Electricity and Solid Waste. In Smart Futures, Challenges of Urbanisation, and Social Sustainability (pp. 149-168). Springer, Cham.
Fu, C., Cao, Y. and Tong, J., 2020. Biases towards water pollution treatment in Chinese rural areas—a field study in villages at Shandong Province of China. Sustainable Futures, 2, p.100006.
Hu, B., Ma, Y. and Wang, N., 2020. A novel water pollution monitoring and treatment agent: Ag doped carbon nanoparticles for sensing dichromate, morphological analysis of Cr and sterilization. Microchemical Journal, 157, p.104855.
Jayaswal, K., Sahu, V. and Gurjar, B.R., 2018. Water pollution, human health and remediation. In Water remediation (pp. 11-27). Springer, Singapore.
Joshiba, G.J., Kumar, P.S., Christopher, F.C. and Govindaraj, B.B., 2019. Insights of CMNPs in water pollution control. IET nanobiotechnology, 13(6), pp.553-559.
Kala, K. and Bolia, N.B., 2020. Waste management communication policy for effective citizen awareness. Journal of Policy Modeling, 42(3), pp.661-678.
Mazurkiewicz, J., Mazur, A., Mazur, R., Chmielowski, K., Czekała, W. and Janczak, D., 2020. The process of microbiological remediation of the polluted Słoneczko Reservoir in Poland: For reduction of water pollution and nutrients management. Water, 12(11), p.3002.
Meena, M.D., Yadav, R.K., Narjary, B., Yadav, G., Jat, H.S., Sheoran, P., Meena, M.K., Antil, R.S., Meena, B.L., Singh, H.V. and Meena, V.S., 2019. Municipal solid waste (MSW): Strategies to improve salt affected soil sustainability: A review. Waste management, 84, pp.38-53.
Quesada, H.B., Baptista, A.T.A., Cusioli, L.F., Seibert, D., de Oliveira Bezerra, C. and Bergamasco, R., 2019. Surface water pollution by pharmaceuticals and an alternative of removal by low-cost adsorbents: A review. Chemosphere, 222, pp.766-780.
Rahmasary, A.N., Robert, S., Chang, I., Jing, W., Park, J., Bluemling, B., Koop, S. and van Leeuwen, K., 2019. Overcoming the challenges of water, waste and climate change in Asian cities. Environmental management, 63(4), pp.520-535.
Singh, N.K., Gupta, G., Upadhyay, A.K. and Rai, U.N., 2019. Biological wastewater treatment for prevention of river water pollution and reuse: perspectives and challenges. In Water conservation, recycling and reuse: issues and challenges (pp. 81-93). Springer, Singapore.
Wang, R.Y., Li, H.X., Peng, X.Q., Zhang, G.Y. and Zhang, L.Y., 2019. New ecological dam for sediment and overlying water pollution treatment based on microbial fuel cell principle. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(18), pp.18615-18623.
Zhang, Q.Q., Xing, C., Cai, Y.Y., Yan, X.T. and Ying, G.G., 2021. How much do human and livestock actually contribute to steroids emission and surface water pollution from past to the future: A global research. Science of The Total Environment, 772, p.145558.
Zhang, R., Lu, C.C., Lee, J.H., Feng, Y. and Chiu, Y.H., 2019. Dynamic environmental efficiency assessment of industrial water pollution. Sustainability, 11(11), p.3053.
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