PGBM134 Finance and Project Management Assignment Sample
Module code and Title: PGBM134 Finance and Project Management Assignment Sample
Part 1
Question 1
Introduction
Project Management and its finances are designed and organised to produce the final product that has some impact on the business or organisation. Project Management helps in guiding the skills, knowledge different experiences in the business as well as processes that are inculcated to meet the needs and wants as well as the objectives of the organisation. All projects that are time-bounded and new include various parties and need project management and risk control. It also ensures various professionals that work harmoniously in order to deliver the required results on time and reflects a positive return on investment. Here, the company AA Dent plc has been chosen to analyze the overall performance of the business.
- a) Investment Appraisals
It is the overall analysis that is done to check the profitability of different investments of assets. However, the asset is calculated on the basis of its total life span. According to Pastor et al. (2018), it also considers the strategy fit as well as the affordability of the organisation. In this report, the investment proposal of AA Dent plc has been evaluated in order to check that the company has a positive investment proposal and is attractive enough for the investors to invest in this business.
Payback Period
A Payback Period is an amount that is taken in order to recover all the costs of the given investments. As per Aiyer et al. (2018) Different corporations, as well as people, invest in this kind of investment to get paybacks. Therefore it becomes very important for the company as well as the investors.
| Year | project x | cumulative cash flow | project y | cumulative cash flow |
| 0 | -100000 | 0 | -190000 | |
| 1 | 55000 | -45000 | 60000 | -130000 |
| 2 | 55000 | 10000 | 60000 | -70000 |
| 3 | 40000 | 60000 | -10000 | |
| 4 | 40000 | 110000 | 100000 | |
| 5 | 30000 | 650000 | ||
| payback period (Years) | 2.25 | 4.15 |
Table 1: Calculation of Payback Period Source: (Self-Created)
Calculation for payback period
Payback period = Year with positive cash flow+ (cumulative cash flow of that specific year/ cash flow for next year)
Project X
=End of 2nd year+ (10000/40000) years
= 2+ 0.25 years
=2.25 years
Project Y
= End of 4th year+ (100000/650000) years
= 4+ 0.15 years
= 4.15 years
In the above table the payback period of five years has been represented for two consecutive projects. From the table, it can be depicted that Proposal 1 has a payback of 2.25 years whereas proposal 2 is 4.15 years. From both the proposals it is seen that proposal 1 is a better option as it has a short term proposal and shows positivity in the 2nd year only. According to Vrchota et al. (2020), the payback is calculated by adding the second year from the initial and final years.
ARR
It is a Subscription Economy metric that reflects the money coming every year for the contract. It is basically the value of recurring revenue that is normalized for a particular calendar year. As stated by Wibowo and Rohyati, (2018) it plays an integral part in the organisation as it ensures and analyses the health of the subscription business or organisation. In this report, the company AA Dent plc has been chosen to look overview of the overall growth of the company.
| Project X | Project Y | |
| year | ||
| 0 | 100000 | 190000 |
| 1 | 55000 | 60000 |
| 2 | 55000 | 60000 |
| 3 | 40000 | 60000 |
| 4 | 40000 | 110000 |
| 5 | 30000 | 65000 |
| total profit | 320000 | 545000 |
| number of years | 5 | 5 |
| Average annual profit | 64000 | 109000 |
| Average investment | 65000 | 127500 |
| ARR | 0.98 | 0.85 |
Table 2: Calculation of ARR Source: (Self-Created)
The above depicts the ARR calculation that shows that the company has taken two proposals X and Y. However, between the two proposals, the first proposal is said to be more profitable for the investors. It will help the company in its overall growth and betterment. From the above table it is clearly observed that ARR for project X is 0.98 which is greater than project Y. It implies that project X needs to be adopted.
Project X
ARR= Average annual profit / Average investment
= 64000/65000
= 0.98
Project Y
ARR= Average annual profit / Average investment
=109000/127500
=0.85
NPV
NPV or the Net Present Value is used to evaluate the total value for future payments. According to Farooq, (2019) the positive impact of the project depicts that the investments are attractive and positive and the investors can invest in this organisation or business in order to generate profit.
| Project X | Project y | |||||
| Year | net cash flow | Discount factor | Discounted cash flow | net cash flow | Discount factor | Discounted cash flow |
| 0 | -100000 | 1 | -100000 | -190000 | 1 | -190000 |
| 1 | 55000 | 0.909090909 | 50000 | 60000 | 0.769230769 | 46153.84615 |
| 2 | 55000 | 0.826446281 | 45454.54545 | 60000 | 0.591715976 | 35502.95858 |
| 3 | 40000 | 0.751314801 | 30052.59204 | 60000 | 0.455166136 | 27309.96814 |
| 4 | 40000 | 0.683013455 | 27320.53821 | 110000 | 0.350127797 | 38514.05763 |
| 5 | 30000 | 0.620921323 | 18627.63969 | 65000 | 0.269329074 | 17506.38983 |
| NPV | 71455.3154 | NPV | -25012.77966 | |||
Table 3: Calculation of Net Present Value Source: (Self-Created)
In this table the NPV for proposal 171455.31 is and for proposal 2 it is -25012.77.From both the proposals it can be said that proposal 1 is better than that of proposal 2, as it depicts a higher value of an investment for the company AA Dent plc. Proposal 1 looks more attractive as it can generate profit in future investments.
- b) Issues of the investment proposals
There are various issues involved in the investment proposals that are discussed in this report. Firstly, there are various debts involved in this proposal. As opined by Islam et al. (2019) Secondly, there is not sufficient growth in the economy in order to service those debts. Thirdly there are various insolvent banks that can directly affect the proposals of the business or the organisation (Nofiana and Sunarsi, 2020). Finally, the major issue is that there are various off financial statements or off-balance sheets that claim against the taxpayers or the government.
The solution to the issue
Various issues and problems come with different solutions. However, every problem has a solution in order to solve the issues of the proposals. According to Eforis and Pioleta, (2019) the solution for debt is to avoid all the crappy bonds of the market.
The solution to economic growth is not a valid issue as they are investors and not policy makers. The solution regarding the insolvency banks is to avoid all the crappy banks and look after the genuine banks. The solution for off balance sheets is the bond market which is crappy. All these solutions will help in solving the issues regarding the proposals.
Question 2
Ratio Analysis
Return on capital employed.
It is the financial ratio that is used for assessing the company’s efficiency and company’s profitability. It can help in understanding the company’s profits and understands their need and wants and also helps in generating profit in the business. It overall gauges the performance of the company.
| Year | 2020 £ | 2021 £ |
| Return on Capital Employed | 42% | 25% |
Table 4: Calculation of Return on capital employed Source: (Self-Created)
The table represents that for the year 2020 the ROCE is depicted as 42% and for 2021 it is 25%. Therefore, from the table, it can be said that the year 2020 has a better option for the company as compared to 2021. In the year 2020, the company can generate a higher profit in the business and the performance of the company will also increase.
Figure 1: Return on capital employed. Source: (Self-Created)
The graph represents the overall performance and gives a clear and lucid view of the company mentioned in this report.
Operating profit margin
It helps in measuring the profit of the business or an organisation that the company incurs in dollars after the payment of all variable costs like raw materials, wages as well as taxes. It reflects as a good indicator in the business if there is a positive impact in the organisation and also depicts the overall performance of the organisation.
| year | 2020 £ | 2021 £ |
| Operating profit margin | 22.3 | 16.2 |
Table 5: Calculation of operating profit margin Source: (Self-Created)
Figure 2: Calculation of Operating Profit Margin Source: (Self-Created)
The graph of the company represents the overall view of the company more clearly and also depicts the company’s performances in the two consecutive years.
Gross profit margin
This profit margin depicts the company’s direct profit that is inculcated in the business. All the basic costs of the organization’s material and production costs are being analysed in this organisation. This helps in depicting the profitability ratio of the company. This also analyses the liquidity and solvency of the company and the overall performance as well.
| Year | 2020 £ | 2021 £ |
| GPM | 41.3 | 37.2 |
Table 6: Calculation of Gross profit margin Source: (Self-Created)
In this table the gross profit margin of the two years is depicted for the years 2020 and 2021 41.3 and 37.2. In the year 2020, the profit is higher than that of 2021.Therefore, in the year 2020, the company can incur better profit and the solvency, and the liquidity ratio is also fair, and the company can raise funds whenever required.
In this table the gross profit margin
Figure 3: Gross profit margin Source: (Self-Created)
The graph is a clear representation of the company that depicts the overall performance of the business as well their solvency and liquidity ratio.
Current ratio
The current ratio depicts the liquidity ratio which means it analysis the company’s cash inflows and outflows. The positive ratio depicts that the company can raise sufficient funds.
| Year | 2020 £ | 2021 £ |
| Current Ratio | 1.0 | 1.5 |
Table 7: Calculation of Current ratio Source: (Self-Created)
The table depicts that the company in the year 2021 the company has a higher current ratio. Therefore, this is a better option for the company (Sutarno et al. 2019). The ratio for the year 2021 is 1.5 which is the best for the company‘s growth.
Figure 4: Current ratio Source: (Self-Created)
The graph is a lucid representation of the company, and it depicts the current ratio of the company more clearly through graphical representation.
Acid test ratio
The acid test ratio depicts the company’s solvency condition. It is very beneficial for the growth of the business and their overall performance as well.
| Year | 2020 £ | 2021 £ |
| Quick Ratio (Acid ) | 0.44 | 0.62 |
Table 8: Calculation of Acid test ratio Source: (Self-Created)
The table represents that in the year 2021 the acid test ratio is better that is 0.62. It is a better option for the company and their overall performance and also checks the profitability of the business.
Figure 5: Acid test ratio Source: (Self-Created)
This graph is a clear picturization of the company (Zavadskas et al. 2018). It is represented through a graph and is very clearly shown all the details of the business.
The settlement period for trade receivables
| Year | 2020 £ | 2021 £ |
| Settlement period for trade receivables | 28 | 43 |
Table 9: Calculation of settlement period for trade receivables Source: (Self-Created)
The Settlement period for trade receivables for the year 2021 is better than that of 2020 (Walmsley et al. 2018). The settlement for the year 2021 is 43 which depicts that the company has a fair value of the company performance.
Figure 6: Settlement Period for trade receivables Source: (Self-Created)
The graph shows a clear picture of the business and also depicts the representation more clearly through the graph.
The settlement period for trade payables
| Year | 2020 £ | 2021 £ |
| Settlement period for trade payables | 33 | 37 |
Table 10: Calculation of settlement period for trade payables Source: (Self-Created)
The Settlement period for trade payables depicts that the company, in the year 2021 has gained profit as compared to 2020 (Stopková et al. (2019). The value in the year 2021 is 37, which represents profitability in the business or the company.
Figure 7: Settlement Period for trade payables Source: (Self-Created)
The graph shown above depicts the whole process more clearly with the help of graphical representation and also helps the organisation to show their profitability more clearly.
Inventories turnover period
| Year | 2020 £ | 2021 £ |
| Inventories turnover period (days) | 6 | 4.50 |
Table 11: Calculation of Inventories turnover period Source: (Self-Created)
The table shows that the company is growing the business with an analysis of the Inventories turnover period. In the year 2020, the ratio is more than that of 2021 which is 6. Here, the number of days is more than 2021 which represents more profit in the organization.
Inventory turnover = Cost of goods sold/ Average inventory
= Cost of goods sold / (Opening inventory+ closing inventory)/2
=980/ [(159+276)/2]
= 980/217.5
= 4.50 days
Figure 8: Inventories turnover period Source: (Self-Created)
The graph shows that the company has gained more profit in 2020 and can raise funds in the future as the solvency and liquidity as well the profitability is fair in this year.
Key Indicators and their performances
- KPI helps in measuring the overall success of the company and also helps in setting targets and sets objectives and creates industry peers in the business or the organisation.
- It majorly focuses on customer satisfaction making the business more efficient for the consumers. It also takes part in customer retention as well as recruitment.
- Through analytics, reporting tools and software, the tracking of KPIs becomes easier for the business to analyze the whole concept of the organisation and makes it crystal clear.
- It helps in monitoring the performances as well as the operational performances of the business or organisation.
Conclusion
From the above context it can be concluded that the company AA Dent plc has taken various investment proposals like NPV, ARR and Payback Period. This proposal helps the company in evaluating and checking the overall investment criteria in the business. This ensures that the investors make valuable investments in the organisation. The positive impact of the investment proposals depicts that the company is fair and the investors, as well as the shareholders, will surely invest in such businesses and companies. Apart from this various ratio calculator is also inculcated in the business that depicts and analyze the overall profitability, efficiency as well as liquidity of the organisation. All these factors depict whether the company can raise funds in the future. Therefore, all this analysis plays an integral part in the company’s betterment and also for their growth and overall performance.
Project Management is an important activity to an organization, and total project’s future activity is dependent on the project management. In this research, an aluminum manufacturing organization is facing problems in its organizational activity and faces many problems to maintain sustainability in the competitive market. In order to increase its performance, this organization made a plan to transform the manufacturing side of the manufacturing. The project manager Frank smith is known for good work and experience and has been assigned for this project development management. The team has been selected by the project manager to continue as soon as possible.
This project development is a site sifting project for an aluminum manufacturing industry in the UK. The organization chose the site of hunger and assumed that it is a good place for continuing the project management with perfection. As per the viewpoint of Parastesh, (2021), industrial manufacturing depends on many factors like weather, transportation, sea, road condition, market, and go down position. The organization has selected the whole organization process on its own. The side is hungry and has the ability to increase manufacturing and marketing for organizational development. The main aim of this project management is to complete the site sifting of this project development and make changes to increase the potential of this manufacturing organization.
The organization is facing trouble in running its business in the global market and the main reason for this site sifting for this project management is to increase the stability of this aluminum manufacturing organization in the global market. This project management achieves the potential, to increase the development in the organization to increase the stability in the global market by re-constructing the project development management. The project manager and the team are good at their work and the project manager is also chosen by their experience and work ethics.
Work breakdown structure and brief details
Work breakdown structure is a process or a way to show the whole project development process in a structured way. As stated by JalaliSohi et al. (2020), the project development structure is used in this research to develop the knowledge about the changes made in theories to complete this project development management. The four stages of the project life cycle structure have been made in this research to develop the project management more perfectly. The four stages of project development are structured as initiating, planning, executing, and closing.
Figure 9: Work breakdown structure (Source: self-created)
Initiating
It is the first process of the project development management and in this stage the primary work related to the project development. In this research, the organization is able to start the project development by maintaining this phase in the organizational development. In this stage of the project development, the main purpose of the project development has been assured and the need of the project development has been taken the part of the development of the project management. According to Saleem and Mehmood, (2018), the project scope, project goal, and the resources for the project management have been designed in this stage. In this stage, all the pre-planning activities related to project management are required in this research and development.
This research organization is provided with 1 million pounds in this research to develop the project development. The organization has provided 5 months’ time to develop the project development manager to complete the project. According to the viewpoint of Cha et al. (2018), in this part, the contact with the shareholders, determining the goals related to the research, finding out the budget related to the project management, and clarifying the total resources needed in this project development management. All this activity is done in this project development management to continue the project development effectively. In this activity and the project manager, frank smith has been hired for this research
Planning
It is the next stage of the initiation of activity in the project development process and the project development is totally dependent on this process. According to Soni, (2020), in this stage, the project related to all the planning and the way of working is designed. The organizational development is totally dependent on this process to develop this project management by maintaining the goal and the scope of this research and development. As per the viewpoint of Silver et al. (2020), the project steps are developing in these states, and the plan related to continuing the project development is maintained in this process. According to Cooper and Sommer, (2018), the project manager hiring and the structure of the team are also a part of this process. The organizational managers are hired by the project managers to make plans for developing the project management by implementing the strategy in this research to develop the organization.
In this process, the budget is decided to continue the project development, and the plan related to the project development management is developed in this research to develop the project development management. As per the viewpoint of Pratita and Latif, (2018), the goals are decided in the first stage but the plans are related to the project development. The project steps are developed in these states and the plan related to chosen project development is maintained in this process. The project manager hiring and the structure of the team is also a part of this process. The total plans related to the project development are decided and designed in this stage.
Executing
It is the third stage of the project development and in these stages, the organization is developing activities to complete the planning into action. In this stage, the plans related to the project development are changed into action. As stated by Gijzelet al. (2019), these stages are to develop the activity to complete the planning into the action and track the employee activity to maintain the work to balance the main purpose of the project management. In this research, the four members of the team have been designed to continue the work in the project development and taking the action through the plans. In this research, the total working possess is maintained by creating the chart related to the research.
The organization is also developing the motivation to develop the motivation into the team to maintain the work process by developing the work culture in the organization. This research is also to develop the activity by critically monitoring the budget planning and using this budget in the action to develop project management by maintaining the progress. In this research, the organization the total budget is made the second in the first stage, and the use of their budgets are made in the second stage. According to Fioravantiet al. (2018), this part reuses the budget in the nation to develop the planning into the action. The project managers are motivated and guided the teams to develop the project management by developing the project management. All kinds of activities related to the project development are done in these stages and the future success of this process is totally dependent on these stages.
Closing
The closing is the last stage in organizational development by developing project management. In this research, the organization can increase the development related to the research and turn the project to complete projects and hand it over to the project development managers. As per the viewpoint of Pratita and Latif, (2018), the project closure report has been made and provided to the project managers, and the report of the project development. It is the stage where the recommendation has even been provided and the faults are found in this stage to develop the project management in time. In this research, the 1 million pounds has been provided to complete this project management in time. The organization has even provided 5 months in this project management. The project’s further development plan has been designed at this stage.
The network diagram is an important factor in this project management and these factors are developing the project management by developing the network in the project development management. As argued by Parastesh et al. (2021), the network diagram is a computerized telecommunication network that has been helping organizations to develop the communication system stronger. Telecommunication is an important factor in organizational development. According to Jassar et al. (2021), the organization uses the digital communication system to communicate to the organization to work effectively.
In this research, the project manager communicates with the organization to continue the project management and provide the details about the project management more effectively. The network diagram is based on the networking system of the organizations willing to increase the project development by implementing the important improvement in the organizational development. The project manager also planned the organizational structure to develop the project management by developing the network by implementing the organizational development.
Figure 10: Network diagram (Source: self-created)
All the stages of the project development are connected by a network and all the work is dependent on each other.
The cost appraisal method is the method that is helping in the organization’s cost development and this method subjects the cost planning and development activity to the organizational development. As per the viewpoint of Girniet al. (2020), a cost appraisal is an approach that is used in the organization to support the development of the organization. In this research, 1 million pounds has been provided to develop the organizational development by maintaining the cost and expenses. In this research, the cost approach method is a useful process that can be helpful to use the cost of the project management more effectively.
After adopting this technique, the project development organization has to collect the money spent on the project development management through sales. The planning for the recovery money calculation has been increasing the development in this research to provide the development in the organizational improvement. As per the viewpoint of Kumssa, (2021), the organization can use the cost approach method to find out the difference between the cash inflow in cost and cash outflow in this research. The organization uses the methods find out cost approach method in this research to develop the organization’s planning for future activity. According to Jassaret al. (2021), the organization is able to find out the payback time in the organization by developing the plan by using the cost approach method in the cost appraisal techniques. The cost approach method can increase the cost development by finding out the recovery time of the organization by adopting any cost appraisal techniques.
After finding out the total time of the recovered money the organization is able to make plans for cost management. The cost appraisal techniques are developed to get these related the cost planning and development this technique is helpful to find out the best cost technique to find out the cost planning. According to Parasteshet al. (2021), the cost appraisal technique is a method that i9s helpful in estimating the buyer’s choice and piece playing ability by marketing analysis, and this technique is developed to maintain the cost development in the research. This method analyzes the marketing and makes the price list by analyzing the market demand and the organizational profit. [Referred to appendix 1]
Conclusion
This research study is about project development activities and reports about the development of the project development activity. The four stages of Notre project development palling have been used in this research to complete this project management effectively. The scope of the project management is briefly discussed in this research and the organization is using this research to develop the project management. This research also discusses the four stages of the project management related to the case study and is able to indicate the impotent factors that are developed in this research. This research briefly discusses the work breakdown and critically mentions their importance. The impotence of the cost appraisal methods and the knowledge about the cost appraisal are also mentioned in this research.
Reference List
Journals
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Appendix
Appendix 1: project estimated budget.
| particulars | amount |
| maintenance expenses | 1000 |
| site rent | 100000 |
| electricity | 500 |
| project managers salary | 50000 |
| team members remuneration | 10000 |
| technological implement | 50000 |
| renovation cost | 6000 |
| total cash inflow | 217500 |
| Income | |
| Investment | 1000000 |
| cash out flow | 782500 |
(Source: MS-EXCEL)
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