Post Graduate Diploma in Urban Environmental Management and Law Assignment Sample 2024
Q1 Nagar van Scheme and its outcome
Government of a country should always be concerned about the sustainable development of the entire nation which includes economic development, community development and more. Lieffers et al. (2020) has specifically stated that development, generation and conservation of natural resources and conservation of biosphere are associated with stable growth of a country. High population and urbanisation in multiple waves in India has decreased the total forest land of the country.
As per the official report, published by Indian government, the total forest area of the country is 21.67% of the entire land surface of the nation, which has been estimated at about 7, 12, 249 sq kilometres while 76.92% of the entire area of the nation is under non-forest zone (FSI, 2019). With the minimisation of the forest coverage area of the country, the aspect of sustainability has also got minimised. This factor has invoked concern of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
Urbanisation is one of the major factors which have depleted the forest area of India. As per the research of Chakraborty (2017), exponential growth of Indian population has initiated unplanned urbanisation in the country which has not only depleted forest lands but also agricultural and scrublands.
Agarwal (2020) has further reported that the population of India should touch 1.52 billion within 2036, which would trigger the growth of urban areas up to 70% of the current urban area. All these factors have invoked imbalance between the urban and forest land in the country and has degenerated environmental sustainability as well. The initiative of ‘Nagar Van Scheme’ has been taken by MoEFCC to address the issues associated with the mentioned environmental imbalance in India.
Nagar van project is mainly focused on urban reforestation with the elementary mission to enhance the percentage of forest land in the country. Apart from this elementary objective there are also other specific and achievable objectives associated with this project. In the last decade, the entire growth of forest land of the country has been identified as 3% which is not at all up to the mark to invoke environmental balance and sustainability.
It has been estimated that the promotion of first land could be turned around faster with the implementation of Urban Forestation scheme 2020 of India (Nagar Van Scheme). As per the report of Pandey (2019), MoEFCC have their objective to enhance the forest land up to 33% of the entire land area of the country. This Nagar Van project should effectively contribute to the enhancement of the forest surface of India. Apart from this it also has a major outlook for the enhancement of natural resources associated with forestry.
Enhancement of carbon footprint is considered as one of the key burdens of a country reading its environmental sustainability. As per the viewpoint of Maheshwari and Jain (2017) with emission of carbon dioxide, active deforestation, extensive use of fossil fuel, is the substantial causes behind the enhancement of the carbon footprint of the country.
The same factor has been noticed for India as well. It has officially been reported that, carbon dioxide emission of India is about 2299 million tonnes for 2018 with a rise of 4.8% and per capita carbon dioxide emission of this country is 40% of the total global average with 7% of the entire carbon dioxide burden of the planet (THE HINDU, 2019). This condition is highly alarming for the country and urban forestation is a prominent way-out to manage this carbon-dioxide burden of the county.
A sharp increase of per capita emission for India has been identified. It can be minimised with active plantation of trees and forestation. In the official brochure of Nagar Van scheme, it has been mentioned that the objective of this project is to grow 200 urban forests which should create a healthier life by slowing down adverse climatic change for India (MOEF, 2020).
Moreover, economic development and availability of fresh air has also been identified as the major beneficial outcome from this urban forestation programme. As per the idea of Dittrich et al. (2019), forestation always helps in the conservation of flora and fauna along with other ecological aspects tagged with biodiversity.
This factor has specifically focused on the Nagar van scheme. MoEFCC have officially declared that India is the abode of 8% of the total global biodiversity by considering 16% of the global cattle and human population along with 4% source of freshwater for the entire planet (MOEF, 2020). Additionally, the country has 4 global ecological hotspots, which can be extended for a greater area with forestation.
Community development and development of economic resources associated with forest is another potentially positive outcome of this urban forestation project. For example, bamboo resources are dependent on the first land which is tagged with the subsistence needs of 2.5 billion individuals and 2 millions of artisans of the country have to depend on bamboo resources for their life and livelihood (FSI, 2019).
Carbon reserve is another factor which can be enhanced with the enhancement of the total forest surface of the country. Hou et al. (2019) has mentioned that carbon reserves are directly linked with the development of fossil fuels in a nation. In the forest survey report of 2019, India has 7, 24, 676 thousand tonnes of carbon reserved, which is considered under the forest oriented economic resource of the country (FSI, 2019).
However, continuous depletion of such carbon reserves is hampering the sustainable growth of the country. Therefore, the Nagar Van project can help this aspect directly.
Q2 Economic instruments for Environmental policy drafting
Development of effective environmental policy is highly essential for the maintenance of sustainability. It has been noticed that environmental policies are majorly directed to minimise the negative impact of human captivity over nature and biosphere. Additionally, Chiranjeevi et al. (2018) has stated that depletion of natural resources with direct or indirect human activity is also restricted with the implementation of effective environmental policy.
Economy is directly linked with environmental sustainability and it has been noticed that the economic development of a country also gets redacted with the deterioration of environmental sustainability. Hence, this is the main logic for which economic instruments are used for the development and implementation of effective environmental policy.
Gibson et al. (2017) have explained that the primary logic associated with economic instrument implementation includes externalisation of the price of the use of environmental resources and emission of pollutants as well. On the other hand, Stenis and Hogland (2019) have explained economic instruments for environmental policy management as internalisation of the environmental costs.
However, the former concept of externalisation of the price for resource usage and price for emotion of pollutants is highly effective to manage sustainability and to minimise the negative burden of human intervention on the biosphere.
It has been noticed that industries and large scale commercial activities are highly dependent on the variability of natural resources. As per the viewpoint of Semenova (2019), demand for power and energy is the primary aspect tagged with each and every commercial unit and is very high for the commercial production units.
Hence, it can be analysed that the commercial activities are the major causes behind the deterioration of environmental sustainability. Gibson et al. (2017) has mentioned that implementation of high price for the usage of natural resources should promote the colonies to develop their sustainable strategies and policies along with sustainable technologies for resource management. Hence, in this way the conservation of natural resources can be done.
Minimisation of natural resource wastage is one of the major factors that are linked with the development of the objectives of environmental policy. In this context, the aspect of circular economy can be mentioned. Korhonen et al. (2018) has stated that recycling and reuse of the resources with the implementation of resource renewal technology is the central dogma of the circular economy.
This helps in the creation of dutiable growth for not only the industries but also the environment and the demand for natural resources gets reduced with the externalisation of the price of resources.
On the other hand, implementation of high tax for pollution emission creates consciousness regarding environmental sustainability at the commercial level. As per the idea of Semenova (2019), tax, user fees and charges acts as an effective economic instrument for the management of environmental policies.
It has been noticed that tax differential has a high beneficial outcome in the practice of sustainable business in which management of environmental sustainability is also integrated. It has been identified that the processes like use, extraction, production and disposal are the primary aspects of a product for which environmental pollution may occur.
Hence, imposition of prosecution tasks by considering the mentioned aspects should promote an organisation to minimise the environmental burden from their product. It can be mentioned that production tax is an economic instrument for the implementation of effective environment conservation policy.
On the other hand, risk of environmental burden creation is also pinned with the commercial activities like sales, purchase, promotion, apart from the activities of production. This is the main reason for which Value added tax or VT is imposed over goods and services to create awareness regarding environmental sustainability.
In this case, it can be analysed that VAT is indirectly utilised as the environmental instrument for the development and effective implementation of environmental policy. However, Gibson et al. (2017) has mentioned that effluent tax is directly linked with the emission of pollutants.
The organization has to pay for the discharge of sewer and emission and high effluent tax invokes an urge for sustainable production and sustainable plant management as well. Apart from this implementation of user fees and administrative tax is also there. Ortiz-Rodríguez et al. (2018) have explained that the tax should be paid by the administrative authority in the context of proper management of industrial regulations regarding environmental conservation.
On the other hand, the reward system also helps in the implementation of effective environmental policy in practice. For example, subsidies are provided to the colonies that are effectively working with a sustainable and environment-friendly approach.
In this context, Yang et al. (2019) have mentioned that the providence of special grants, soft loans, special corporations and tax allowances are provided. Minimisation of compliance cost for an organisation is also provided as a special cooperation for implementation of effective environment-friendly strategy.
This type of subsidies and grants are provided from the government level with the development of the usual budget which helps in the development of awareness and interest for doing sustainable and environment-friendly processes for businesses. However, in the case of India, tax on the use of specific environmental repositories has been implemented.
For example, water tax has been represented under tariff for the colonies that use water as their chief environmental resources for business. As per the idea of Jain (2019), Maharashtra government has enhanced water tax up to 16 INR per 1000 litres and this is for the companies which are using water as their primary resource.
Thereby, it can be analysed that this is one of the major examples, through which the government is implementing environmentally sustainable policy regarding the conservation of natural resources.
Q3 Article 226 and 32 for environment protection, conservation and improvement
Indian constitution and jurisdiction have included environmental protection aspects, to maintain environmental sustainability for the country. As per the idea of Mukherjee (2019), Indian forest act 1927 has been passed to conserve forest along with its flora, fauna and natural resources. In this act, reservation of forest land and the concept of reserved forest wildlife sanctuary have been put forward.
Moreover, the use of reserve forest land in the context of the use of the same in non-forest purposes has been mentioned in the same law. In this case, Wildlife Protection Act 1972 has also got tagged, which helps in the protection of the entire biosphere of the country.
As per the idea of Vanderheiden (2017), It is the fundamental right of the citizens of India to protest against environmental degradation. Not only should the environmental degradation, the exploitation of wildlife, animals and creation of environmental pollution also be protested by the citizens of India as they are empowered with their fundamental right. This fundamental right of the citizen has been considered with Article 32 of Indian national constitution.
In the National constitution of 1949, the fundamental rights of citizens have been conserved. Article 32 has been developed with 4 subsections in which section 1 has mentioned that an individual should move to Supreme Court of India for enforcement of the fundamental rights which is conferred by the part (Jain et al. 2019).
On the other hand, in section 2, the aspect of mandamus, habeas corpus, quo warranto, prohibition and certiorari has been ascertained while in Section 4 it is mentioned that the rights provided by in Article 32, should not be dismissed.
Thereby, for appealing any case regarding environmental degradation in the country under the act like act for Environment protection, factories Act-1948, the court should consider the case under the fundamental right of the plaintiff. Moreover, cases on the ground of public interest and public welfare can be put forward with the support of Article 32.
On the other hand, the Environment Protection Act 1986 has also been passed for the management of environmental sustainability. In the same context, the Act for atomic energy has been included in the year 1962. Thereby, it has been instructed not to unethically expose nuclear waste in the environment.
Safeguarding of public interest is also associated with these issues. In this case, the implementation of Article 2266 should be mentioned. As per (Jain et al. (2019), in Article 226, power has been provided to the high court to issue writs in the context of infringing fundamental right or other legal rights. Protection of the environment is considered under the legal right.
Hence, writ can be issued against any individual or a group who are associated with the activity that can invoke harm to the environment, first and biosphere. This Article 226 has been utilised in the context of Bhopal gas tragedy, as it has infringed the fundamental right of public and community and Environmental protection Act.
Moreover, air, land and water along with interrelationship of all these aspects with human life and other living creatures of this biosphere has been included under the fundamental right which has been further empowered by Article 226. Right Improvement and protection of the quality of biosphere along with prevention, control and eradication of the environmental pollutants has been provided to the central government with the help of the act for environmental protection.
This law has been empowered with Article 226. Under This article negligence regarding maintenance of fundamental rights has also been retired which has been applied in the context of management of environmental protection.
For example, The case of ‘L. K. Koonwal v, state of Rajasthan and Ors.-1986’ has been put forward as the local government of Jaipur was neglecting the maintenance of hygiene which was creating a major negative impact on the health and wellbeing of the community (INDIAN KANOON, 2021) .
On the other hand, protection of trees and natural resources along with hills and biodiversity was done with the support of Article 32. For example, the case of ‘Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra, Dehradun v. State of Uttar Pradesh-1985’, had been filed , in which a joint petition has been put forward against progressive mining of Mussoorie regions as this mining was creating adverse effects on tree hills of Mussoorie.
Moreover, the issue of land erosion was also associated with it (INDIAN KANOON, 2021). Thereby, it can be analysed that all these environmental conservation issues are associated with Article 32 and 226. The Mines Act passed in 1952 has also got tagged with this case.
Thereby, it can be mentioned that these two articles have provided the citizen or government to protect the environment and have provided the right to proceed legally against any sort of environmental exploitation. The aspect of life and liberty is tagged with human rights and fundamental rights of a person as well.
On the other hand, Sood (2020) conservation development of human beings of a country is also associated with sustainable development of the nation as indigenous population plays role in the biodiversity of a country. Under Article 226, life and liberty along with human rights has been secured which has indirectly helped in the conservation of sustainability of nature.
Q4 Plastic waste management by Amazon, Flipkart- Extended Producer Responsibility
Management of plastic waste is one of the major crises of India as improper disposable plastic packets, plastic products and other plastic materials. As per the official report, India is associated with the production of 9.46 million tonnes of plastic waste for every year on average which is creating high burden over the biosphere and environmental sustainability of the country (BUSINESS LINE, 2019).
It has further been reported that 40% of the entire plastic waste is not collected back. Moreover, it has been identified that 43% of the plastics used for the packaging materials are non-recyclable and has been termed as for single use. However, in India, Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 has been enforced from the government level which has prohibited the use of a plastic for packaging pan masala, gutkha, and other forms of tobacco (MOEF, 2017).
Moreover, the use of plastic sheets for a minimum 50 micron has been suggested for packaging and production of plastic carry bags. However, it has been noticed that collection of plastic packaging materials is not done by the majority of the companies which is creating a massive burden over the Indian biosphere.
Previously it has been noticed that plastic was often used for land filling purposes and is recycled for the development of products associated with cottage industry. However, in this case, very little initiative has been noticed which is majorly invoking water and sea pollution.
As per the official report, 6.5 million tonnes of plastic waste move to the ocean per annum which is creating sustainability issues of more than 700 species associated with the seas around India (CN TRAVELLER, 2019). 414 million plastic pieces have been found in the Indian Ocean islands which have transferred with seawater which even includes millions of shoes, toothbrushes and more.
However, the companies that are extensively producing plastic wastes through plastic packaging materials are reluctant about their responsibility regarding the collection back of the plastic wastes for recycling and further use.
Even after the implementation of Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016, 50% of the plastic wastes are low density polyethene and non-recyclable as well (CN TRAVELLER, 2019). However, responsibility of the producers is not specifically noticed in the management of such a burden.
Extended producer responsibility or EPR can be analysed in the connection of re-collection of the plastic wastes by the companies. As per the analysis of Maitre-Ekern (2021), ERP is defined as the accountability of the producers from physical or financial point of view regarding the post-consumer goods. Gu et al. (2019) have specifically included the aspect of disposal of the post-consumer goods in the context of developing the definition of EPR.
Thereby, in minimisation of the plastic waste burden, created by the commercial packaging materials, companies and their EPR should certainly have a role. Amazon, one of the leading global companies of e-commerce is currently doing its business in the market with the implementation of effective sustainable commercial strategy.
In the case of India the economy has created an impression regarding its EPR programme for e-waste. As per the official report, the e-wastes like VCDs, DVDs, CDs, fax machines, phone and laptop batteries and others are the major e-waste collected back by Amazon for recycling (AMAZON, 2021). However, its recollection programme regarding plastic waste material is not that much effective for not only India but also in the global level.
Calma (2020) has reported that in 2019 Amazon produced 465 million pounds of plastic waste at the global level which has enhanced the plastic footprint of the globe. No programme for re-collection of plastic and a department of the same has been identified which is directly creating cruises for the marine animals as they have a tendency to engulf plastic pieces and wastes.
On the contrary, in the case of India, Amazon has declared that they have 100% prohibited the use of one-use plastic for their packaging and have introduced 100% biodegradable paper for their packaging material (AMAZON, 2020). On the other hand, from September 2019, Amazon has initiated a programme for recollection of their plastic waste with the help of agencies in India to take back 100% of their plastic wastes at the national level.
Thereby, it can be analysed that, in spite of infringing the plastic waste management standard in the context of Oceania, in India, Amazon has effectively implemented its EPR strategy for collection of plastic waste.
In the case of Flipkart, the aspect of plastic waste management and EPR strategy is implementable as they are also tagged with e-commerce business in India and abroad. A case has been filed regarding the excessive use of plastic packaging material by the ecommerce companies in India in which it has been instructed by the pollution control board to both Flipkart and Amazon to reflect plastic wastes as per plastic waste management rule 2016 (BUSINESS STANDARD, 2020).
However, Flipkart has taken initiative to minimise its plastic waste burden under its EPR activity. As per the official report of Flipkart, 30% of the plastic wastes are re-collected by the company and have minimised the use of plastic packaging matter up to 25% with the use of 100% eco-friendly paper (FLIPKART, 2019).
Moreover, 100% plastic packaging materials are recyclable. However, it has till now not efficiently organised its plastic waste recollection system for India.
Q 5: Effectiveness of Indian legislation in managing the challenges of unplanned urbanization
The rapid urbanization in India has led to uncontrolled migration; consequently India is facing the issue of overpopulation. In the opinion of Theweek (2021), the issues faced in India due to unplanned urbanization are unemployment, pollution, lack of adequate resources for the population, improper sanitation, social issues, electricity problem and lack of access to food and water.
The current section discusses the extent to which Indian legislations are effective in mitigating the challenges of unplanned urbanization.
Part 4 of Indian Constitution states the Directive Principles of State Policy through which the country has aimed at maintaining social welfare through establishing common good among all citizens, social and economic justice. As studied by Mea (2021), Article 39(b) and (c) influence the economic system in India through distribution of ownership and to ensure equal distribution of material sources among the population.
Article 39(d) deals with equal pay for equal work and by means of that there is equal payment for workers in same field devoid of their gender, religious background or ethnicity. The Equal Remuneration Act1976 was framed to provide equal employment opportunities to men and women and to restrain the employers to be discriminatory towards the workers based on their socioeconomic backgrounds.
However, as influenced by India (2021), the 74th Amendment of the Constitution Act deals with reservation of seats for the backwards communities such as SC and ST. While this legislation focuses on enhancing social welfare of the backward communities, this also hinders the social and economic justice among people from different communities in creating social equilibrium.
Due to this, despite having similar qualifications, the people from backward communities are given preference in employment in comparison to people from general castes. Therefore, this is contradictory to the Equal Pay Act 1976.
The impact of unplanned urbanization is also witnessed in overpopulation due to which there is a high level of pollution in India. According to Timesofindia (2021), Article 19 of Indian Constitution deals with fundamental rights of people; one of which is Freedom of Speech and Expression.
Thus, every Indian citizen of India has the right to voice his grievance and opinions through reasonable means. However, no fundamental right is absolute and the government has adopted measures for checking noise pollution. For instance, there are restrictions on use of loudspeakers. The use of loudspeakers, explosives or crackers is determined by permission from District Magistrates, Sub Divisional Officers and Police Authorities.
However, the Article 19(1) (a) is ineffective as it does not check the use of loudspeakers and explosives as an infringement to this article due to which there is high level of noise pollution in India. On the other hand, as reported by Indiatoday (2021), the government has restricted the timing for using loudspeakers till 10 pm that might resolve the issue to an extent, if not wholly.
The Railway Act 1980 does not put restrictions in railways that emit large amount of noise through carriages and engines. Sections 20 and 21 of Motor Vehicle Act 1988 have meager control over horns and silencers (Indianrailways, 2021). However, this act shall be considered ineffective due to lack of legal jurisdictions for effective control and management of noise pollution.
The Railway Act 1980 does not put restrictions in railways that emit large amount of noise through carriages and engines. Sections 20 and 21 of Motor Vehicle Act 1988 have meager control over horns and silencers (Legislative, 2021). However, this act shall be considered ineffective due to lack of legal jurisdictions for effective control and management of noise pollution.
The Article 243 (g) of 74th Amendment of Constitution Act provides the legal right to Panchayats to enable self-government and work in the fields of urban and town planning, construction of buildings, land-use regulations, socioeconomic development plans and slum improvements in rural areas.
Moreover, as opined by India (2021), the Panchayats are also entrusted with providing urban amenities such as parks, playgrounds and gardens and to build public amenities including parking lots, bus stops, street lighting and public conveniences.
Articles 243W provides the right to Municipalities for them to form self-government to form the district level planning committee based on Article 243ZD in order to prepare District Development Plan.
As for the sanitation purpose, the Supreme Court and High Courts of India have interpreted Article 21 of the Constitution that includes right to sanitation as part of Fundamental right to life (Unicef, 2021). The recognition of right to sanitation was witnessed towards the initial 21st century and it was made an indispensable factor of the human right framework. This jurisdiction has been highly effective as almost 60% of the population had access to basic sanitation as of 2017.
Furthermore, as reported by Unicef (2021), The Indian government has also built an estimated 110 million toilets between 2014 and 2019 resulting in an increase in basic sanitation from 38.7% in 2014 to 93.3% in 2019.
However, as per the reports of UNICEF, the poor waste management results in discharge of million tons of fecal matter and sludge in open air pits that causes substantial health hazards for more than 65 million children.
Despite much legislation, the Indian government has failed in the fields of industrialization, pollution, waste management and equal employment opportunities. This is further aggravating the ill-effects of rapid urbanization. Therefore, the recommendation is to create industries for enhancing employment opportunities and limiting the reservation system to ensure social welfare and economic justice.
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