Post Graduate Diploma in Urban Environmental Management and Law Assignment Sample 2024
Question 1
Resilient cities’ importance for building a sustainable environment in India
Since the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, it has been noticed that it is the cities that are facing the crisis the most. According to Sharifi and Khavarian-Garmsir (2020), cities are recognized to be the home of most of the global population. It is also identified as the cynosure of economic development and innovation. The term resilience is used to denote the sustainable and secure activities of humans. In this respect, resilient cities are referred to as those cities that are able to handle man-made or natural disasters effectively. In addition, resilient cities are able to protect the life of the human and are associated with promoting sustainable development and well-being of humans.
As stated by Govindarajulu (2020), it is important to build resilient cities for ensuring the development of a sustainable environment. The cities in India are witnessing a constant growth in population and are recognized to be vulnerable to natural hazards and the pandemic situation. The urban population of India has been affected by the outbreak of the virus largely. In order to address the issues related to climate change and maintain environmental sustainability, India is required to develop resilient cities that are more effective in handling and managing the resources. Resilient cities are more concerned with the environmental issues that are carbon emission, which affects environmental sustainability. Resilient cities are effective in utilizing renewable energy resources and initiating “green initiatives” for ensuring a sustainable environment and reducing carbon emissions in India effectively. The utilization of renewable energy and its production will be effective for India to build a sustainable environment and enhance the economy.
There are various advantages of resilient cities. Resilient cities are beneficial for absorbing, restoring, and preparing for prospective disturbances related to the economy and environment (Newman et al. 2017). It also encourages sustainable development and significant growth in the economy and society as well. It will have a positive impact on the lives of the people residing in those cities. The first advantage of resilient cities is that it promotes urban development that includes the effective management of disasters. Resilient cities are well equipped to address and mitigate the issues arising from climate-related hazards. The second advantage includes the improvement of the quality of life of the inhabitants by bringing change to the core infrastructure. This will include the enhancement of the waste management system and developing the sanitation and water supply system.
The citizens are able to access the various services and the society ensures cohesiveness (Figueiredoet al, 2018). The third advantage of resilient cities is that they are associated with promoting industries that are diverse in nature and also effective for innovation. Effective infrastructure and a skilled workforce are associated with developing the economic condition of a resilient city. The fourth advantage includes the effectiveness in understanding the impact of the disaster on the community and taking actions for safeguarding the humans and ensuring the well-being of the community as well as their assets.
Role of urban planning in building sustainable cities
The term “urban planning” denotes the process of “developing and designing” land for the utilization and building of effective infrastructure for sustainable development. As stated by Porfirievet al. (2017), urban planning enforces resilience and sustainability. Urban planning is effective in guiding the development of rural and urban areas. Urban planning includes architecture, designing, policymaking, and the effective management and implementation of those policies. Effective urban planning focuses on the constructive development of the well-being of the people by maintaining standards for sustainability.
Urban planning also includes creating significant planning that will ensure and promote sustainable development. Urban planning comprises the development and rejuvenation of the open lands of the cities by including “strategic thinking“, analysis and the utilization of technology. The urban planners are focused on balancing the demands of economic development, social justice, and environmental susceptibility. Urban planning is required as urban living is increasing (Saaty and De Paola, 2017). In India, more people are living in urban areas as there are more opportunities regarding the job, health, and living. Urban planning consists of developing effective decision-making policies that will benefit the population. In this respect, the planning is developed after the analysis of the performance measurement of the “urban system“. Planning is required for identifying the prospective issues related to the social, economical, and environmental development of urban cities. The proposition of urban planning relates to the improvement of the resilience and sustainability of urban structures (Pelorosso, 2020).
In developing countries such as India, the urban areas are overcrowded. This leads to the scarcity of essential resources such as clean water, sanitation, and electricity. Due to this, the economy is prone to become fragile. Urban planning can be utilized in order to build sustainable cities that promote resilience. As stated by Khosla and Bhardwaj (2019), urban planning is beneficial to address climatic issues and sustain the city. With the helpful integration of sustainable urban development and planning and strategies taken by the concerned local government sustainable cities can be developed.
In this respect, the planning will include the utilization and application of innovative and advanced technology for developing effective infrastructure for cities. By focusing on building green construction projects that will cause a less negative impact on the environment, sustainable cities can be built. In addition, urban planning must be focused on balancing the social and ecological systems by adopting sustainable strategic approaches. In this respect, the plan must include the reduction of carbon emissions. In order to build sustainable cities, urban planning must be focused on utilizing eco-friendly and renewable energy resources. This will ensure the environmental sustainability of the resilient city. In addition, urban planning must include a sustainable transportation system and sustainable technologies such as big data in order to build sustainable cities that will also be smart (Bibri and Krogstie, 2019).
Question 2
Mainstreaming gender equality in urban planning
The term “gender mainstreaming” denotes the creation of awareness regarding the persistent inequalities in society regarding the participation of diverse gender in political decision-making and processes. In addition, “gender mainstreaming” promotes the equal participation of diverse gender in the decision-making and the policy-making process at the political level. Gender mainstreaming is associated with the promotion of change and innovation in order to establish new thoughts and structures (Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Development, 2021). It is recognized for defining the policy related to the implementation of gender awareness at all levels of administration. It serves to recognize “gender-specific inequalities” in all areas of decision-making. Gender mainstreaming is associated with the promotion of diverse kinds of arrangements related to living and the interest of different genders regardless of their “sexual orientation”. It is instrumental in initiating policy related to gender equality and necessitates innovative approaches in order to address differences in gender, racial and social background for developing urban planning and process.
Gender mainstreaming in urban planning denotes that an understanding of the different kinds of situations related to living and concern of the prospective user of different gender and ages are being provoked and their ramifications are valued throughout the whole process of planning. In terms of urban planning, the needs of men and women are essential to be focused on. In terms of utilization of public space and the issues related to security, sanitation, and health services, it is important to consider “gender-specific differences”. Gender mainstreaming focuses on the avoidance of the reinforcement of “gender stereotypes” in urban planning. It is associated with developing spatial alternatives for people practicing different lifestyles, belonging to different social structures, and having different resources and abilities. The needs of a man are different from the needs of a woman(World Bank, 2021). Therefore, urban planning must include appropriate strategies and their implementations for addressing the various needs of different genders. In this respect, urban planning must include effective policies to develop potential resources and utilize them.
Actions to make cities more inclusive towards gender equality
According to Dhindawet al. (2017), cities in modern times are being designed by men and for men only with the least care given for women. This leads to the limited access of women in social and economic development. The design and the planning of urban areas are effective in shaping our surrounding environment. It has been witnessed that in urban areas there are fewer facilities available for women in comparison to men. There are issues related to gender discrimination that is faced by women. The issues are related to the access of services in the public domain, the issues related to mobility (World Bank, 2021). Women are not able to move freely and safely. The other issues are related to freedom, health, and hygiene, security, etc. In order to address the issues, effective actions are to be integrated into urban planning to make cities more inclusive towards gender equality.
Actions can be adopted for facilitating women to access the services in the public domain without any constraints. In terms of mobility, women should move around the city easily and safely. There should be “freedom from violence” where women are free from any kind of dangers in the private and public domains. Effective actions can be taken for facilitating better hygiene and health care services. This will make the women lead a healthy lifestyle (World Bank, 2021). In terms of security, urban planning must ensure building a safe place where women can work and live safely.
By following the issues and including the actions in urban planning women can be empowered effectively. The more women are being empowered the more society will visualize positive growth and success. Women empowerment will lead to significant participation of women and will reduce gender inequality. This will help the women to live and work safely without any danger. This will be effective in eradicating the inferiority complex from the women population. Gender inequality will be reduced significantly by allowing women to access and participate in the decision-making policies. For better urban planning participation of women across all parts of society is essential as they will be effective in identifying the needs and demands of the women populations that were previously being ignored. By focussing on the identified issues, the actions will be effective in making urban planning and the building of cities more inclusive towards gender equality.
Role of women in decision making and policymaking for urbanization
In the country of India, it has been seen that there is a significant difference between men and women. Men at the political level are more affluent whereas women still have to struggle in order to be a part of the decision-making and policy-making process related to urban planning and development. However, the role of women in decision-making and policy-making for urbanization is crucial. Due to the dominance of patriarchal society, the importance and participation of women have been reduced in the decision-making and policy-making for urbanization. It is important to increase the participation of women in the decision-making and policy-making for urbanization in order to identify and address the various issues that are being faced by the girls and the women in society (Franklin et al.2019). Women are more effective in addressing the issues related to security, sanitation, education, and health services.
In the decision-making for urbanization, women are more serious and proactive. They will find a proper solution that will be included in the policy for addressing the challenges faced by them. With their effective participation in politics, they will raise the issues on the national level that will make people aware of gender inequality. This will promote women’s empowerment. As opined by Dhindawet al. (2017), the persistent participation of women in politics will ensure an effective outcome for the development of smart and sustainable urbanization. According to Franklin et al.(2019), women across the world have been diminished in the position of decision making. Women have the capabilities and the talent that can effectively boost the economy and the productivity of any society. Including women in the decision-making and policy-making for urbanization along with men will be effective in increasing the value and the process of decision and policymaking. It will enhance innovation and ensure conflict reduction related to policymaking.
Question 3
Sanitary waste disposal has become a menace all across India
This statement is likely to be agreed to, as India in terms of hygienic and cleanliness has ranked 168th out of 180 countries. It has faced several health risks and hygiene-related issues including poor air quality (National Herald, 2021).
Sanitary waste disposal as a concept
Sanitary waste disposal which is categorized to be the most important and crucial part of the Indian society especially for the female section is termed to be a peril. In India, specifically in the outskirts of the country, there is no standardized method of sanitary waste disposal. Sanitary waste disposal is categorized to be in two categories: plastic waste and biomedical waste (National Herald, 2021). Menstruation, which is an integral part of the women of the society, is classified under biomedical waste, which is due to the presence of blood. It requires the use of sanitary pads, which in earlier days were made out of cotton clothes, but now the procedure has been upgraded. It is made up of biodegradable waste along with cotton that can be helpful for the better secretion of blood from the women’s body.
Menstrual waste refers to blood, bodily tissues, and used menstrual adsorbents including cloth, disposable sanitary napkins, and other materials that are helpful for capturing and absorbing the blood during menstruation.
It comprises menstrual absorbent soiled with blood and human tissue remnants. According to The Solid Waste Management Rules (2016), it considers menstrual waste as sanitary waste is considered to be solid. There are a total of 336 million menstruating women in Indian society (Downtoearth.org.in, 2021). Out of this 36% of women are aware of the procedures to dispose of sanitary napkins. The number of sanitary napkins that are used per menstrual cycle calculates to 12.3 billion disposable sanitary napkins. Managing menstruation in India is a vital part and making society aware of its disposing process is even more challenging. Menstrual waste is a part of the routine wastes that end in landfill areas. They also throw it in open apex specs and the water bodies. They either burn it or buried (shallow burial) areas as well. Many of them also flush them in the toilets. Each poses a different kind of risk that can be risky for the environment. Burning releases carcinogenic fumes in the form of dioxins and furans (Downtoearth.org.in, 2021).
Menstrual Hygiene Management and Waste Disposal in Low and Middle-Income Countries
Menstruation hygiene management (MHM) has gained space in the recent era. It is noticed that several authors and researchers tend to focus on the absorbent access along with the use and not much use of the disposal of the menstrual waste. Women and men both have different sanitation needs, and their access and utility as well differ from each other. Good menstruation hygiene practices are important as they can help to make cleanliness a regular practice of their everyday life. This totally focuses on the women as well as the adolescent girls who are going through such practices. The cleanliness and management of the menstruation cycle are vital especially in the rural areas where they are not much aware of such practices (Elledgeet al. 2018).
Poor menstruation management in low and middle-income societies can be risky. This can lead to health and life risk as well. This also impacts the psycho-social well-being of the women and girls of society. A woman menstruates between their puberty age (age 11-24) and menopause stage (age 45-55) for an estimated 459 cycles. This ensures that they are required to have proper cleanliness and well as proper availability of the products that can help them to stay safe during this period of time. With the fast-forward growth in technologies and rising incomes, several paths can be used for disposing of sanitary napkins. This has to be made aware of the low and middle-income countries so that they are not entrapped with fear and anxiety (Elledgeet al. 2018). This facility maintenance concern combines the use of the urban waste collection system which can be causing problems within the low- middle- -income countries. This can cause environmental pollution in dense urban areas.
Sanitary disposal and its impact on the environment
Environmental impact is a major part of concern within the Indian society as several wastes is generated from this if it is not disposed of carefully. It is important to create awareness within the people that can help them to overcome hygienic-related health issues. This can help to reduce the garbage-related situation in India (saraldesigns.in, 2021). The population of over 350 million menstruating women assumes to be 35% of women using sanitary napkins regularly. It includes less than 1% of plastic, which is less than 250000 tonnes a day it accounts for the enormity, and this cannot be neglected. There are sustainable alternatives that have to be chosen to overcome the issues of improper waste management. There must be clear labelling on the product packaging related to sanitary products. This can be helpful for the better segregation of it as well as they help in better urban settings (saraldesigns.in, 202).
The current disposal mechanism of sanitary napkins
Sanitary waste disposal has become increasingly a problem. The current system of disposing of in the rural areas still includes practices such as burying and burning (Downtoearth.org.in, 2021). In the urbanized areas there is the use of technologies such as incinerators, reusable cloth pads, use of biodegradable products that can be used as a medium to overcome health-related issues and others. There are better disposal techniques that can be used for overcoming these issues.
In waste – to – the energy it can be so stated that the disposal and treatments are the two kinds of unsafe management that is being practiced. It can amount to a lot of waste in the environment. In order to mitigate this the solutions that have been brought out are the practices within the community to have a better idea and have available resources for it.
Sustainable menstruation can be recommended where the main idea is to help them to have prolonged use of sanitary napkins. They must use eco-friendly menstrual hygiene products. Menstruators are shifting to use biodegradable sanitary napkins, reusable cloth, and menstrual underwear (Path.azureedge.net, 2021).
Question 4
Conflict between State and Central Government
Federalism is one of the major and basic features for the democratic nation and administration system. The notion of federalism is derived from the article number 245-263 of the Indian constitution. The underneath extracts is providing enough knowledge about the Indian constitutions and it federal nature.
(Source: Saxena, 2017)
Central government is the highest authority of the country that makes the right decision for the whole nation. On the other hand, the state government is abided by the central government’s laws and regulations. In this case the highest authority of justices, Supreme Court has the power to interfere into the constitutional matter and decides the power of the government (Saxena, 2017). If there is any issues arise within the state and central government then the Supreme Court has the power to interfere and resolve the issues by developing the right decision. If there is any conflict between the state and central law then the federal law pre-empts. The rights are known as, “Supremacy Clause of the Constitution”, such as, rights for votes; act of congress and additionally, it displaces states constitutions. The FDA regulations may prevent the state court judgments, even in case of involved prescribed drugs.
Constitutional Federal Structure
The above-mentioned image has demonstrated that the India republic is deep rooted from the federal administrative system. Federalism is a concept which stands to demonstrate the relationship between the state and the central government of India. The constitution nature of India is Democratic and sovereign. It establishes the shape and the structure of Indian government. Indian legislative administrative and executive system distributes equally the power to the union list and the state list (Sareen and Kale, 2018). Federalism of India is truly developed its power to the constituents units which is envisioned to be the equal. The historical background states that Jammu and Kashmir was but interstate territory however it accused letter. Within article number 370 the governance about Jammu and Kashmir was amended.
Increase of this Federal administrative system it has basically two list one is the union list and on the other hand it has the state list. Within the Union list all the banking commerce Industries insurance development regulations are entitled. On the other hand the Exclusive powers like police for Transport Healthcare electricity administration states are all maintained by the state list. What are the other list which known as the concurrent list, this concurrent list mentioned within the 52 number article. It has the duty of managing the diverse properties education agricultural land Bank craft any type of contracts trustees and insolvency.
Urban and Infrastructural Development
Urban infrastructure stands for the physical structure which remains and exists within the town and the City. On the other hand, infrastructure development or growth has played an inevitable role within the industry. The Talent role and responsibility of infrastructure growth and development is to reduce the poverty and advance the economic growth system (Desai, 2018). In order to boost and promote the economic growth is the only way to reduce the poverty level from India. It is seen from the time of freedom in 1950s that India has the dominant nature of making policies and economy from agriculture. India has several green lands and basically the most of the economic system depends on the agricultural land or the fertile land. Urban Development and infrastructural growth is extremely important for India to maintain the economic growth (Venugopal and Yasir, 2017). There are several sectors of which involved within this infrastructural facilities and we are the transport system energy system irrigation Banking Finance can indications science insurance technology and other social overhead. There are some of the Talent steps which helps India to develop its urban infrastructure and they are –
- Developing a smart City mission
- Invest finance on that mission
- Develop some urban Yojana
The conducted study sheds light on the 73 and 74 act and its amendment on the Urban and federal system of India. The constitution of India has a mended 73rd act in 1992 which has a different part consist of 15 other articles.
In addition to that it has 11 schedules to the Indian constitution. The paper also successfully discuss about the Panchayat System, the administrative system within the organ area and the infrastructural development and economic India. It is extremely important to know the exact provision of the 73rd Amendment Act. The provisions those were mandatory to demonstrate that elections within the panchayat system are takes time in a regular basis. The prohibition that was set for 73rd Amendment Act in favour of the women irrespective of caste tribes and backward classes has been come into force. The act passed in the year of 1992 by the Narasimha Rao Government. Act came into action in 1993 in 24th of April (Biswas, 2020). The act has eligible to provide the equal rights antonym of critic behaviour from the grassroots level to the national levels of people. It is extremely important in India to get equal treatment from all ends.
India is a democratic sovereign nation with Federal administrative system. There are millions of people who decide here, generated from different caste culture language race sex religion and profession. However being a democratic and Federal country India always levied justice and legislative system equal for each and everyone. The people successfully shed light on the 73 and 74 Amendment Act within the urban cultures and equality (Aijaz, 2017). the study is not only focused on the equality and democratic nature of the nation however it also discuss about the infrastructural development, economic growth, conflicts between state and the central government and FDI rate of India. In this section the 74th constitutional amendment act is demonstrated as evolutionary power. In order to maintain and setting up the power of urban local bodies or ULBs within the small towns and city. In this Framework the amended act 1992 in India is able to provide the structure really making the local bodies in urban areas and enabling the functions as an effective democratic set up of self government. It is extremely important to become independent economically and have the self governance. Therefore the 74 amended acts in 1992 has been legalised within the panchayat system to maintain a balance within the backward class.
Question 5
Urbanisation in India
In 1901 people leaving in urban India was 11.4%, 28.53% in 2001 and increase to 34% in 2017 according to census. Delhi has witnessed a 4.1% jump in population in 2011.The highest increase rate in the world. Mumbai has seen largest rural to urban transformation since 2018.There is a few reasons for ongoing urbanisation in India (Mathews et al. 2018). The government policies were the factor after Second World War. Priority to set up new commercial units by various business houses and industrialization was at its pick. Migration at the time of partition was another key factor. Lots of people came across border to accelerate the process of urbanization. Ever growing industrial revolution was another factor to enhance the rate of urbanization. Implementation of five year plan policy has been another reason to attract more people from rural areas over the time. Currently eleventh five year plan is in process. After 1990 growth of private sector has been huge in India, thus making the opportunity to excel for common people of rural areas to migrate to cities like Delhi and Mumbai. In these cities the wheel of industrialization were growing very fast. Many people have gathered for better economic advancement in order to achieve better livelihood in future. Agricultural activities were the main source of economic base in rural India, however with every passing year it became less profitable, forcing the youth of rural India to migrate to the urban areas for a better livelihood. Maharashtra is the most modern and urbanised state in India since 1991.Prior to independence, since 1941 four cities saw major growth in India, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. Due the invention of modern technology the standard of living in urban areas of India has grown manifold times. Giving the next generation a better education scoop now is also a major cause of urbanization. The eminent educational institutions are all situated in urban areas.
Urbanisation Political Economy in India
(Source: Cowan, 2019)
Urbanization is a one of the shifting concept that transfers the population Lifestyle livelihood structure of the society from rural to Urban. The people shed light on the urbanization and its impact on political economy in India. India is the agricultural based country which economy is originated mostly 70% from agricultural land. In order to achieve a smart life and demonstrate the advanced technology some of the rural areas are transforming extremely fast. It has transformed dramatically rural to Urban (Cowan, 2019). It is affecting the political economy of India. The local state capitals and global market each of these areas are getting affected for urbanisation. The economic downturn also connected with the urbanisation concept. Environment has degraded tremendously. Air pollution water pollution soil erosion are the common issues which seen due to his urbanization.
However on the other hand it is also seen that the concept of urbanization has added 70% of GDP growth in 2030 expected rate. The Rapid urbanization growth within India is lead to the misery unemployment in equality is exploitation poverty the gradations of the urban life. The political and economic impact is extremely high for this urbanization concept in India (Cowan, 2019). It is already know that India is Greenland and it has maximum chances of political economic growth from the agricultural land, therefore if the concept of urbanization is get a chance to develop in this Nation will hamper the economic and social development. There is several degradation which is related to environment may leads to the urbanization. It has several issues like, air pollution water pollution Land Degradation and soil erosion; in addition to that it has loss of biodiversity and ecological imbalances. The concept of urbanization is forced to stay within slums, give voice of clean water electricity and sanitization. Apart from the environmental impact it has tremendous political and economic impact as well.
Positive and Negative Impact of Urbanisation in India
(Source: Myers, 2021)
The above mentioned diagram has extracted that the notion of urbanization is leads to a drastic shifting from the rural area to urban area. 11.4% are shifting into the increasing manner. The census is focusing onto it. Urbanisation in India has been increasing in a daily basis just to expand the cities and migration of the people (Myers, 2021).
| Positive impact of urbanization | Negative impact of urbanization | |
|
· It will generate a better social and economical life (Lin and Omoju, 2017) · Its helps to deliver a better Healthcare services · In most of the cases it made develop a police availability and ensure the security of the society and its citizens · There will be scheduled job opportunities and higher education system to generate a better income and life · Different and a better costing put and it will develop for great collaboration opportunities which also relates to the innovation department. · The urbanization in India will bring several changes related to the social and better political economical life. · The availability of any doctors will be better and greater. |
|
· There are several negativities also for this urbanization concept in India and they are unemployment. · Cost of living will be extremely higher that maximum citizen of this Nation may not adapt and afford. · There will be no privacy · The maximum negative impact will be on the economic system as India is based on the agricultural land (Bhagat, 2018). · · The Other negative impacts that are going to shade on the environment in terms of increasing pollution, such as air pollution water pollution and soil erosion. · Ecological misbalance is another cons of urbanization. · There will be less recovery space for natural resources. |
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