PUB016-6 Public Health Research Methods Assignment Sample
PUB016-6 Public Health Research Methods Assignment Sample
Introduction
Research Aim
This study aims at identifying prevalence strategies of “chronic bronchitis” diseases among adult individuals in India.
Research Objectives
- To explain root causes of “chronic bronchitis” among adults residing in India.
- To identify risk factors associated with adults in India caused by “chronic bronchitis”.
- To evaluate challenges and limitations of treating “chronic bronchitis” among adults residing in India.
- To demonstrate treatment strategies of “chronic bronchitis”, for safeguarding adults in India.
Research Question
What is the prevalence of chronic bronchitis among adults residing in India?
Study Rationale
“Chronic Bronchitis” (CB) is a major health issue in India that is causing multiple health issues such as “chronic airway obstruction” (CAO) and “chronic obstruction lung disease” (COLD). Study of Shah et al. (2019) demonstrated that consumption of tobacco through smoking is peculiar in India as a large number of people use non-conventional modes of smoking such as “hookah, bidi, or chillum”. Lung cancer is common in “hookah” smokers is six times higher than cigarette smokers and “chillum” smoking increases higher carbon monoxide as compared to cigarette smoking that testifies much injurious outcome.
In India, “chronic respiratory diseases” DALY share amount was 6.4% followed by Chronic Bronchitis which had a share of 4.8%. Verma et al. (2021) studied that in 2016, almost 32% of “Disability Adjusted Life Years” (DALYs) caused by Chronic Bronchitis occurred only in India which. In addition to this, Chronic Bronchitis was responsible for 75.6% of total DALYs within “chronic respiratory disease” in India. A recent study of “Indian Study of Asthma, Respiratory Symptoms and Chronic Bronchitis” (INSEARCH) clarified that prevalence of CB is 3.49% among which 4.29% is among male and 2.7% is among women (Verma et al. 2021). Thus, prevalence of Chronic Bronchitis patients varies across different regions and states in India as prevalence in Bangalore was 4.36% but in Delhi it happens to be 10%.
Key Literature
India has a population over 1.2 billion in 36 “states and national territories” and it has reported burden of Chronic Bronchitis that is affecting health and wellbeing of Indian population. Gudi et al. (2021) studied that “Chronic Bronchitis” (CB) is considered as most common cause of “NCD related deaths”. These authors evaluated that prevalence of Chronic Bronchitis among individuals belonging to 5 to 29 years of age ranges between 0.1% and 0.9% that increased up to 1.6% to 28.3% among people of 30 years of age. Therefore, with ageing, India has shown a growth in prevalence of Chronic Bronchitis due to multiple causes such as smoking and air pollution (Gudi et al. 2021). Considering prevalence of Chronic Bronchitis in India, Surendran et al. (2022) accused environmental influence that as the air is myriad of “particulate matter” caused by firewood, vehicular exhausts, tobacco smoking and industrial fumes. According to these authors, Chronic Bronchitis as measured through “Chronic Bronchitis” (CB) has a prevalence of 3.95% among people who are above 35 years of age (Surendran et al. 2022). However, in southern part of India such as Kerala, prevalence of Chronic Bronchitis is 10% which is higher than national ratio of Chronic Bronchitis prevalence in India. Therefore, threats caused by Chronic Bronchitis on Indian population are high and diagnosis process for Chronic Bronchitis is also poor which is negatively impacting well being of Indians.
Since past 10 years, it has been found that India has a disproportionate burden caused by respiratory diseases which are regarded as major contributory factors to asthma and Chronic Bronchitis. Nearly 63 million people in India which is almost 32% of total global Chronic Bronchitis population and due to this India are facing challenges due to increasing number of Chronic Bronchitis patients (Healtheconomics, 2023). Since number of Chronic Bronchitis patients is increasing, major challenges have been faced in delivering quality healthcare services to patients. In regard to this factor, Chakraborty (2023) analysed that Chronic Bronchitis is the second largest cause of deaths in India that affects 50 million people every year. Chronic Bronchitis is caused by various reasons that worsen situation of individuals and bring a burden on Indian healthcare management system. Chen et al. (2020) elaborated that “unhealthy lifestyle” and air pollution has made Chronic Bronchitis scenario more serious in major cities such as Mumbai and Delhi. This author specified that every day, nearly six people die of “chronic inflammatory lung disease” and between 2016 and 2021, almost 14,396 people died due to Chronic Bronchitis in Mumbai. This factor shows the long term negative impact of chronic bronchitis is enhancing prevalence of Chronic Bronchitis which is causing a negative impact on people above 30 years of age.
Chronic Bronchitis is a preventable disease but it has no cure and persons suffering from these diseases witness a deteriorating situation in health over time. Simkovich et al. (2019) stated that, in India, major causes of Chronic Bronchitis involve smoking and air pollution that increase chances of pneumonia and lung cancer. People suffering from Chronic Bronchitis often find difficulties in breathing that may lead to breathlessness. In regard to dealing with negative consequences of Chronic Bronchitis, various risk mitigation programmes are being implemented in India which is widening opportunities for securing health of Chronic Bronchitis patients. For instance, Chronic Bronchitis awareness programmes are being implemented in India especially in slum and rural areas. From the studies of Ghorpade et al. (2021) it has been found that rural areas and urban slums in India cause pollution that is increasing chances of Chronic Bronchitis prevalence. Chronic Bronchitis have been divided into various categories including “level 1, level 2, level 3 and level 4” (NHM, 2023). Level 1 is associated with solo physician clinics through which people diagnosed with Chronic Bronchitis are allowed to perform different activities such as nutritional therapy and training exercise. In this stage minimal medication is required and people suffering from first stage can be cured within a certain period of time. A report of NHM explained that, second stage of Chronic Bronchitis needs to be cured by adopting various tools and medicines such as “bronchodilators, antibiotics and systemic glucocorticoids” (NHM, 2023). However in third stage, treatment procedure is similar to level 1 and 2, but in fourth stage patients need external oxygen support. This way, different strategies have been made by organising an effective approach in treating patients by understanding prevalence of Chronic Bronchitis.
Method
Research Design/Approach
The research design is described as a framework of research technique and method chosen by a researcher that helps conduct the research study. The research design creates a blueprint for a stretch study to be conducted scientifically that helps identify and address research process and analysis. In this study an experimental research design would be followed for collecting data directly from participants and representing it in a graphical and numerical format. Primary statistics analysis will be conducted in the research paper as it helps find conclusions for the research study. The experimental research design will help collect data and generally provide distinctive numeral values for a research study (Dhanaraj et al. 2021). This study focused on analysing prevalence of Chronic Bronchitis in adult Indian residents and it would collect data from sources that have evaluated the chronic disorder and chronic bronchitis of Indian population.
This study would undertake a strategic approach for evaluating challenges associated with treating patients of Chronic Bronchitis and implement strategies for dealing with such challenges. In this study a conclusive research design will not be included as conclusive research design is associated with generalising conclusion and negatively impacts delivery of effective final outcome (Park et al. 2020). The purpose of this research design is to establish a factor based on the effect of dependent variable from the independent variable in Chronic Bronchitis affected people. Primary statistical analysis would help with collection of large data sets for analysing the impact of Chronic Bronchitis in INDIA elderly population. Therefore, for this research study the research design will be selected as conclusive research design for the primary statistical analysis.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
The inclusions criteria help define the study population based on the research objective. The inclusion criteria consist of reliable, objective and uniform manner of the selected option for a study (García-Peñalvo, 2022). In this study about prevalence of chronic bronchitis and Chronic Bronchitis in adult residents of India, would need to include people belonging to different places in India. In this study, a number of studies associated with Indian citizens would be included that have strongly focused on prevalence of Chronic Bronchitis in India. Studies that have delivered unnecessary and irrelevant information would be excluded for maintaining authenticity and validity purposes. In the research study, the information that would be inclusive of medical research papers on Chronic Bronchitis. The inclusion criteria will consist of having possible information about symptoms of chronic bronchitis.
Data Collection Tools
Sample size
Sampling method includes selection of samples who are directly and indirectly associated with chronic bronchitis disease. In terms of sample size using random sampling size, 51 individuals would be selected who are searched through their personal experience regarding chronic bronchitis diseases. Participants for quantitative method will be selected by evaluating their views and perspectives regarding chronic bronchitis. During execution of this study, a certain group of individuals will be proposed and most relevant ones will be selected for collection of primary data.
Data Extraction
Data extraction is described as a process that is used by researchers to obtain necessary information about characteristics and finding of the research topic. The data extraction is based on research objectives and raw information is tailored to better use in the research study (Vázquez-Ingelmo, et al. 2019). In this research study the data would be extracted based on the population and the target system that is to be analysed. This research study would extract information from the primary data and then the information would be extracted to come to a conclusion. Extraction of the data will help the researcher to protect the sensitive information that is vital for the research study.
Quality Appraisal
Quality appraisal is defined as a systematic review that carefully assesses that the necessary criteria is met and whether a research study is considered to be trustworthy. The quality appraisal assessment and evaluation are either created by the researcher based on his study or adopted from a scholarly research paper (Carcary, 2020). Quality approval will be conducted in the research study for reducing the irrelevant content from the data. The three critical steps considered in quality appraisal are identifying the steps in the research process, then determining study weakness and strengths and evaluating credibility of study findings.
The research study would assess the prevalence of chronic bronchitis and Chronic Bronchitis on adult residents in India. In the quality appraisal, collection of the data opinions, assumptions, beliefs and misreporting would be separated from evidence (Langley, 2022). The research journal’s legitimacy would be checked, and its practicality would be analysed for the study. Any risk of bias observed in the research study of the impact of chronic bronchitis and Chronic Bronchitis in elderly in the INDIA will be removed from research study.
Gantt chart
Ethical Considerations
Ethical consideration in a study is a set of principles that helps and guides a researcher to conduct a research study. Ethical principles in research study are an essential code of conduct that helps people collects data ethically (Gaillard and Peek 2019). Ethical consideration matters in a research study as it helps in collaborating science and society with integrity, dignity and human rights. In this research study the data collection is conducted based on primary data collection, so the ethical consideration is based on this collection. The ethical consideration that needs to be taken care of in the research study is anonymised data. This suggests that information collected from the primary sources should ensure that personal information is not contained in the research study without the participants consent.
The data sources could provide assurances to the project and ensure that evidence collected is legitimate for a primary data collection. This way ethically the research paper would have accurate data from authentic data sources. The ethical consideration is to ensure that re-identification of individuals does not happen in this research study (Zahra et al. 2023). The risk of re-identification is likely to be arising from combined data, unusual, rare and low amount of information.
Analysis
Quantitative analysis of data will be selected in this study by analysing numeric and statistical data and information. Quantitative analysis is described as a method that helps analyse the numerical information that finds meaning in themes based on data set or illustrated patterns. Online survey analysis is conducted for the research topic, to understand the prevalence of chronic bronchitis and Chronic Bronchitis on adult residents in India. The research is conducted for the primary statistical analysis to reflect the researcher’s subjective experience about the research topic and find a conclusion (Azari et al. 2020). The quantitative analysis will be selected for the research study as it is a flexible research design that allows the use of multiple theories. Research study about the impact of chronic bronchitis and Chronic Bronchitis in elderly in the INDIA needs a large data set. Therefore, for a large data set, like analysing the prevalence of chronic bronchitis and Chronic Bronchitis on adult residents in India needs online survey analysis as it is optimal for analysing the data experimentally.
Discussion and Conclusion
Limitations
This study will be executed by focusing on analysing and identifying impact of Chronic Bronchitis and “chronic bronchitis” but it would face major issues due to lack of availability data. This study will involve a “primary data collection” method for collecting most authentic and reliable primary information. However, collection of primary data is a major limitation as primary allows collecting information, available in previously executed research papers that are often manipulated. Therefore, reliability and validity of data will be questionable which will affect authenticity of study. Involvement of a research methodology will be beneficial as it would help in directly collecting data from primary sources regarding people suffered from Chronic Bronchitis or professionals who are treating Chronic Bronchitis patients in INDIA. However, application of a primary data collection method through survey and interview will be expensive and time consuming. Thus, involvement of a “primary data collection method” will be prioritised as it is less expensive and less time consuming.
Personal limitations will also cause a negative impact on this study due to lack of effective time management, multitasking and decision-making skills. Since this study will include a “primary data collection method” maintaining inclusion and exclusion criteria is highly important. However, due to lack of decision-making skills, limitations may be faced during inclusion and exclusion of primary sources such as “journals, articles and previously executed research papers”. During data analysis, lack of decision-making skills may lead to involvement of unnecessary data and information which will negatively impact potential outcome of study. In addition to this, lack of financial resources will be a major limitation of this study that may affect outcomes and research deliverables. Limited sources of data are also a major limitation of this study as many essential journals and articles require subscription to access a full version which will affect quality of final outcome.
Dissemination and Impact
This research would focus on reaching out to a larger number of audiences by getting published in leading journals. This study is related to health and social care; it would collect data from published articles in “British Medical Journal” (BMJ). Collecting information from these articles would help in gathering knowledge regarding health and social care. Besides that, this study will also seek publishing opportunities in specific journals related to Chronic Bronchitis and respiratory factors. Opportunities will also be explored for getting published in “The New England Journal of Medicine” for delivering required information to a larger audience. However, this research will also seek opportunities for being published in leading medical conferences organised by international and governmental bodies such as “WHO” and “India”. Publication of this paper in leading journals and conferences will help in making a larger number of audiences to understand root causes that are responsible for developing Chronic Bronchitis risk factors among patients. Identification of these risk factors and challenges will lead to development of strategies through implementation of technological advancements. Thus, this study will deliver potential information regarding implementation of technological advancements in healthcare which will lead it to get published in leading technology journals.
Future Research
In future this study can be used as a primary source for collection of data regarding Chronic Bronchitis testament. Primary data collection and analysis needs to involve quantitative analysis through which data will be presented in form of survey. This would play a crucial role in enhancing authenticity and validity of study by directly interacting with individuals who have been suffering from Chronic Bronchitis and individual professionals who are treating Chronic Bronchitis patients. Application of a primary data collection method in future research would be essential for directly interacting with individuals associated with research topics and collecting real time data for enhancing quality of research. In future, decision making, multitasking and time management skills will be adopted for ensuring quality of inclusion and exclusion criteria and competition of study within limited time.
Final Thoughts
In conclusion of this study, it can be stated that “Chronic Bronchitis” and “chronic bronchitis” is a major health concern that is negatively impacting health of old age people in INDIA. In terms of dealing with this factor, it is necessary to identify root causes of Chronic Bronchitis and “chronic bronchitis” and analyse risk factors. This study has also presented objectives that are associated with evaluation of challenges associated with providing treatment to Chronic Bronchitis patients and implementing risk mitigation strategies for improving deliverables to patients. This study has also focused on providing a methodological approach that is necessary for collecting most authentic data and information regarding factors of Chronic Bronchitis.
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