Research Report In Psychology Assignment Sample
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If Gender Plays A Role In Interrupting Behaviour, Through Interviews
Abstract
Interruption sometimes is referred to as an unkind intention to cut the flow of the conversation. It is referred to as the dominant nature among the men as they tend to interrupt and overlap female speech. The research aims at understanding the psychological behaviour of females and male interviewers in the interview process.
The research is carried out on naturalistic experiments.The researcher has also focused on the behaviour of the male and female in terms of interrupting behaviour. Male interrupts more which violates turn talking norms and makes it more intrusive than others make. The research method that has been followed to come to acquire the significant outcome of the research is based on an observation setting. Thus, the research is based on an independent measure design. Therefore, the individuals are randomly assigned in terms of different experimental classes. The participation selections were made from Asia, Europe as well as the United States. The participants were selected in terms of sports interview, psychological interviews as well as celebrity interview. The primary data has been analysed by using SPSS to estimate the number of times male and female interviewers interrupt the interview.
Therefore, the completion of the paper has helped to achieve the research aim and the research hypothesis as it has been estimated by Chi-Square test as well as the odds ratio.
Introduction
Plenty of research has been conducted in psychology based on observations. According to the American Psychological Association’s dictionary, observational studies are carried out when the researcher observes the subjects’ attitude without intervening or manipulating them; he or she is known as a silent observer. Instead of randomly assigning instances to research conditions, these experiments usually require examination of events within naturalistic environments.
The researchers of this experiment carried out a naturalistic experiment.
The researchers focus on dominant behaviour between genders through interrupting behaviour (Devault, 2021).
To carry out this research, the researcher aimed to find out if gender plays a role in dominant behaviour through interruptions. The independent variable for this research was the gender of the interviewer, and the dependant variable was the number of times they interrupted the interviews.
It is significant from the past era that gender difference has always been controversial (Xu, 2021). Therefore, most of the study states that the effect of gender, as well as social dominance, has proposed that male dominance is displayed in different ways in male-female conversion while conducting a an interview. The studies have also significantly identified that certain discourse features of dominance in terms of conversation have estimated gender dominance (James & Clarke, 2021). For instance, they are overlapping, interruptions as well as topic shift while an interview is conducted. Therefore, the study has been conducted to trace the features in conversational discourse (Xu, 2021). Gender stereotyping is something most common in different cultures. People can significantly improve hierarchical structures in the conversation that again contributes to perpetuating the individual by providing the means that represents the inequality. Males and females always have different communicative competence. Therefore, they adopt different strategies to accomplish the goal (Tartory, 2021). They differ in inappropriateness in terms of interaction it means that they have different ways to approach and how to interact correctly and appropriately at the time of conversation.
It is further estimated that the successful conversation is referred to where the participants adhere to the ideal model of the conversational turn-taking system that states that one speaker will be speaking at a time. However, the system is often violated in terms of the interview, where the turn talking is neglected (Devault, 2021). Therefore, in a mixed-sex conversation the empirical evidence has suggested that women intend to have a more collaborative speech style to achieve closeness as well as solidarity (Pakzadian, 2021). On the other hand, it is also seen that men in an interview mostly prefer individuality as well as dominance in the conversation.
Therefore, the gender difference has led to the adoption of different strategies to achieve the conversational goal. This is the main reason that women intend to avoid any interruptions while other people are speaking during the interview. However, men try to grab the conversational floor to interrupt the conversation to control topics (Stratford, 2021).
Certain studies have oversimplified the differences in gender talk during an interview. Thus, it has enhanced stereotypes towards women. The researchers have also widely held the view that women talk more as compared to men. Besides, they stated that women interrupt men even more. They intend to raise a topic that is less valuable than men have shown to be inaccurate (Stratford, 2021). The comparison has been estimated between the women who eventually talk less and try to encourage men to talk more during an interview. Therefore, in the day-to-day conversation, it is further estimated that a women’s role during the interview is to sustain and support conversation (James & Clarke, 2021). Men generally do not have significant power to control as well as define who is speaking and what is being talked about in the interview (James & Clarke, 2021). Therefore, gender itself is not referred to as the fixed variable, whereas the role and range conversion within the purpose, as well as the content of the conversion, is probably to influence what is talked about. Further, studies are evident from television as well as radio settings (Latu, 2021). For instance, television debate in the US has found that males tend to dominate the discussion by violating the discussion rules in the debate as compared to the female participants. A further example can be quoted from Austrian television discussion: it has been found that the male experts negotiated as well as they have achieved higher expert status more often rather than they invited female experts (James & Clarke, 2021). Therefore, it is significant that male with low occupational status intends to interrupt female superiors more than the reverse (Tartory, 2021). The research aims at identifying if gender plays a role in dominant behaviour through interruptions.
Research objectives
The research objectives that will be achieved are:
- To identify the conversational dominance among male and female interviewers
- To determine whether male or female interviewers are interrupted more during a conversation
- To analyse the significant difference between the gender
- To recommend ways that conversational dominance can be mitigated
Method:
Design
In order to conduct this research on observation, the researchers used a naturalistic observation setting. This research was an independent measure design. An independent measures design is a study procedure wherein individuals are randomly assigned to one of the many experimental classes. During the procedure, each individual is therefore exposed to one aspect of an independent variable. The study used a quantitative approach, as the researchers had to count the number of times the interviewers interrupted the interviewees. The participants were divided into two groups, either males or females. The independent variable was gender, and the dependent variable was the number of times the interviewees were interrupted by the interviewers.
Participants
There was a total of fifty participants in the research. The participants were of mixed ethnicity. The participants were from Asia, Europe, and the United States of America. There were twenty-five male interviewers and twenty-five female interviewers, aged between twenty-five and fifty. The participants were chosen based on different categories, for example, sports interviews, psychological interviews, celebrity interviews, or interviews of musicians. However, these were chosen at random.
Procedure
Each researcher watched about three to four interviews.
Materials/measures
Ethical considerations
Results:
Analysis
Through the above contingency table, it is estimated that male interviewers interrupted 95 times whereas 29 times they seems to be non-interruptive. On the contrary, the female interviewer interrupted almost 26 times as estimated. Therefore, it can be clearly stated that the male interviewers are have dominate nature and intends to interrupt others during the interview.
Analysis
It can be depicted from the above table the male interviewer interrupted 95 times whereas they were expected to interrupt 76.2. Hence there is a greater different estimated between their expectation and their actual action. The female interviewer interrupted 26 times which was expected to be 44.8 times and they were non-interruptive almost 47 times. Therefore, the hypothesis that has been develops is justified.
DISCUSSION
The research is mainly based on observation; therefore, naturalistic observation setting has been used to develop the research findings. The independent variable that has been estimated from the research is the gender of the interviewer, whereas the dependent variable is referred to be the number of times the interviews were interrupted. From the result table 1, it is estimated that out of 25 male interviewers, and there were 95 times of them interrupted the interviewee, whereas it is further seen that only 29 times they did not interrupt the interviewee. On the other hand, it is further seen that out of 25 female interviewers, 26 times they interrupted the interviewee whereas only 47 times they did not interrupt the interviewees. This ensured that the hypothesis H0 is justified in this scenario.
Similarly, it is further seen that 76.2 is expected from the male interviewer, whereas only 44.8 times were expected from the female interviewee. The study that has been conducted in the above is estimated in this case. Conversation between the interviewer and the interviewee needs to follow certain aspects so that they may not be interrupted unnecessarily (Hancock & Rubin, 2021). For instance, the interviewer should know when to speak and when it is appropriate to say that. This will maintain the turn-taking system. Therefore, through this perspective, it can be said that conversion is referred to as a cooperative endeavor (Hancock & Rubin, 2021). Therefore, it can be established as well as can maintain the significant relationship among the speaker while conducting an interview. However, whenever gender is taken into consideration, a conversation between an interviewer and the interviewee intends to take on a different function, the male and female interviewer (LOVIN & BRODY, 2021).
Furthermore, the hypothesis testing chi test has been conducted. The Chi-Square statistics is referred to be commonly used to test the relationship between categorical variables. It is probably used in order to test independent variables when using a cross-tabulation that is also referred to be the bivariate table. The table shows two different categorical variables simultaneously. Therefore, the test of independence helps to assess whether there is an association between the dependent and independent variable by observing the pattern of responses.
Through the cross, tabulation table that depicted that expected count has been estimated to be 76.2 times, whereas non-interrupted counts in terms of male interviewer were 47.8 times. On the other hand, a similar result has been estimated through the test as it shows that 44.8 is the expected count in terms of female interviewers, whereas 28.2 is referred to be the non-interruption caused by the female interviewers.
However, the Chi-Square Tests that have been developed is 32.592, whereas the continuity correction has been estimated to be 30.884. On the other hand, the linear by linear association has been estimated to be 32.462, whereas the valid case is estimated at 197 for the research paper. The odd ratio is stated to be the ratio of odds of the event happening in terms of the exposed group to the non-exposed group. Therefore, it is used in order to strengthen the association between exposure and events. It is further estimated that the larger the odds ratio estimated the event is found to be with more exposure, whereas the smaller the odd ratio it seems to be less likely to be exposed. In this case, the odd ratio of the male to the female is 5.922 and 3.1410, respectively. On the contrary, females are less likely to interrupt during an interview. Therefore, through the test, it is significantly clear that gender plays a dominant role over the weaker section.
In some cases, it is also stated that women interviewee are stereotypes and therefore they end up adopting the cooperative strategies of conversion whereas male intends to develop competitive conversational strategies during the interview (Latu, 2021). Female often tends to elaborate the topic that is provided by men and therefore men are always represented as non-cooperative to undermine the interviewee as well as reinforce their dominance by providing uncooperative feedback like minimal delayed responses towards interviewee or sometimes they keep silence in order to show lack of interest while female are conversing (Rask, 2021). However, women do not have such a tendency to dominate as men interviewed do in terms of the knowledgeable topic during the discussion. Hence, the research report accepts the null hypothesis whereas it rejects the H1 hypotheses by stating that female is less interruptive.
References
DEVAULT, M. (2021). Talking and Listening from Women’s Standpoint: Feminist Strategies for Interviewing and Analysis. Retrieved 1 April 2021, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/800797.
Hancock, A., & Rubin, B. (2021). Influence of Communication Partner’s Gender on Language. Cyclotron.tamu.edu. Retrieved 1 April 2021, from https://cyclotron.tamu.edu/advance/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Journal-of-Language-and-Social-Psychology-2014-Hancock-0261927X14533197.pdf.
James, D., & Clarke, S. (2021). Web.stanford.edu. Retrieved 1 April 2021, from https://web.stanford.edu/~eckert/PDF/jamesClarke.pdf.
Latu, I. (2021). Male Interviewers’ Nonverbal Dominance Predicts Lower Evaluations of Female Applicants in Simulated Job Interviews | Journal of Personnel Psychology | Vol 15, No 3. Econtent.hogrefe.com. Retrieved 1 April 2021, from https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/full/10.1027/1866-5888/a000159.
LOVIN, L., & BRODY, C. (2021). Interruptions.net. Retrieved 1 April 2021, from https://interruptions.net/literature/Smith-Lovin-AmerSocRev89.pdf.
Pakzadian, M. (2021). The role of gender in conversational dominance: A study of EFL learners. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 1 April 2021, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2331186X.2018.1560602.
Rask, L. (2021). Diva-portal.org. Retrieved 1 April 2021, from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:723620/FULLTEXT01.pdf.
Stratford, J. (2021). Women and men in conversation: a consideration of therapists’ interruptions in therapeutic discourse. Interruptions.net. Retrieved 1 April 2021, from https://interruptions.net/literature/Stratford-JFT98.pdf.
Tartory, R. (2021). Interruptions of Men and Women in Selected Debates of Al-Jazeera Arabic Channel: A Pragmatic Analysis of the Opposite Direction. Retrieved 1 April 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331478739_Interruptions_of_Men_and_Women_in_Selected_Debates_of_Al-Jazeera_Arabic_Channel_A_Pragmatic_Analysis_of_the_Opposite_Direction.
Xu, Y. (2021). Gender Differences in Mixed-Sex Conversations Conversations. Diva-portal.org. Retrieved 1 April 2021, from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:303562/FULLTEXT02.
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