SHGM17 Health Evidence and Epidemiology Assignment Sample
Module code and Title: SHGM17 Health Evidence and Epidemiology Assignment Sample
1.0 Introduction
Obesity is a disorder caused by excessive body fat in human beings, and this increases the risk of health psroblems. Overweight is also known as “BMI between 25.0 and 29.9”, and if the BMI is higher than 30, then it is considered obesity.
The main treatment for this disorder is to change the daily habits and foods along with the lifestyle change. The purpose of the study is to define the current state of issues, themes of the issue, trends of the issues, agreement or disagreement, etc. It will also define the influential theories, health economics, and risk factors for issues like obesity. There will be the methodology part of the study and a conclusion part.
Thesis Statement: The study has chosen an important health issue, obesity, and it will discuss the impact and the risk factors of the issue in the UK along with collecting some data from different articles in terms of literature review.
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Current state of issue
Obesity is considered one of the most vital public health issues all over the world as it has spread drastically in the last four decades. At present, people in the UK have suffered from this disease on a large scale. According to the health survey in 2019, 28% of adults in the UK especially in England have been attacked by Obesity.
In this report, it can also be noticed that 36.2% of the people in England are the stage of overweight, but these people, are not obese (Commonslibrary.parliament. the UK, 2022).
“The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development” or “OECD” make projections regarding obesity for up to the year 2030 and for that, this organization stated that BMI would be raised as the linear function according to time. Janssen et al (2020), it can be said that among the eighteen European countries, it can be observed that in the age group of twenty to eighty-four 29.3% of the men in the UK and 31.3% of the women in the UK are attacked by obesity.
This report shows the projected outcome regarding obesity in 2060 among men and women in the UK. In 2060, 24.1% of men and 25.7% of women will be attacked by obesity. Between the years 1975 to 2016, the rate of obesity has increased drastically among women in European countries and the UK women are one of them.
2.2 Themes of this discussion
The morbidity of the disease of obesity bears a high risk, which can create complex health problems. In the case of obesity, the body mass index indicates ≥30kg/m2 and <40kg/m2, which can give financial implications for the system of health in the UK.
The trend regarding obesity has been projected for 2035, and this projection has not had the power to separate morbidity from the aspects of obesity itself. To project obesity in the UK, the details of body mass have been taken ages of more than fifteen from England, Scotland, and Wales.
It can be said that these data have been based on the overweight, healthy weight, obesity and the morbidity of the age group of 15 to 19 based on sex. According to Keaver et al (2020), it can be observed that the projected morbidity regarding obesity in 2035 will be increased at the rate of 5% in Scotland, 8% in England and 11% in Wales.
Obesity become a common issue in the UK affecting one in every four adults and one in every five children in the age group of ten to eleven years. The prevalence of the morbidity of obesity shows that in 2035 this will be enhanced drastically in this time and be highest morbidity rate will be seen in Wales in the UK. As a result of it, this increment in obesity will directly give financial implications for the UK as well as for the health system of the UK.
2.3 Trends of this issue
One of the most current trends is COVID-19 which is responsible for the obesity of people and especially children. According to Badesha et al. (2021), obesity in children is a serious problem in public health issue. Globally, “42 million children” who are younger than 5 years old are overweight, and it will increase by “70 million children” within 2025. On the other hand, there are indications that intervention to curb “the COVID-19 situation” is the worst crisis of the obesity of children all over the world. There were some opportunities to engage the children in physical activities before the pandemic situation. The pandemic situation closed the door of the schools, and children were not able to go to school.
The UK government announced the plan to restart the “National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP)” in the month of September 2021 (Badesha et al. 2021). It helps the country to survey the obesity crisis in primary schools and increase the frequency of consideration twice per year. Moreover, this will increase the opportunities to collect data based on the trends and would lead to an undue focus on the physical appearances of the children.
The data of NCMP for the year 2016-2017 states that “more than a quarter of children have obesity” in England, and almost 85% of parents think that their children have healthy bodies and weight. In society, there is a requirement for a governmental approach and focus on the personal responsibility to increase individual actions. It helps people to know about the “influence of environment, cultural factors, socioeconomic factors”, which are the reasons for obesity and overweight; these can not control by the children.
Another current trend in obesity is Morbid Obesity which carries “a higher risk of non-communicable disease.” This can bring more complex challenges and health issues while the body mass index “ ≥30kg/m2 and <40kg/m2.” According to Keaver et al. (2018), the study state the project about obesity has been projected to 2035 and the projection will not separate the “Morbid obesity from obesity.”
The researchers of the study define that the projection has been developed of morbid obesity in the UK. In contrast to the study, the result states that “the prevalence of morbid obesity is predicted to increase by 5,8, and 11% in Scotland, England, and Wales respectively by 2035.” It has been stated that there will be serious health issues by the prediction of morbid obesity in society by 2035 in the three countries of the UK, and it will impact the health systems of the UK.
2.4 Agreement or disagreements
The argument (agreement or disagreement) regarding obesity in the UK is based on the 5w’s model.
“Who”
This study gives stress on the public health issue of obesity on the people of the UK, including men, women and children in this country. In the present time, in the UK this disease become furious among the young people of this country.
“What”
Obesity is one of the most vital public health issues, which have been drastically spread all over the world, and the UK is one of them. To make aware of the communities about negative effects of obesity, the “Health Belief Model” has been used to do this.
“When”
At present, in the UK obesity has become one of the major problems in the communities among the young generation of this country. The projection and the prediction have been conducted about this disease. According to Keaver et al (2020), it can be observed that in 2035, the morbidity rate of obesity will be increased and it will affect mostly Wales at 11%.
“Where”
Obesity has become a major public health issue all over the world, but it has more effect in the UK and the USA. This study highlights the rate of obesity among men and women in the UK.
“Why”
Being overweight or obese is related to an increment in the risk of individual obesity. At present, obesity engulfs the whole world rapidly. Besides the common diseases all over the world like diabetes, cardiovascular disease and others, obesity is one of them. Therefore, it can be said that this disease becomes one of the major concerns in the category of public health issues in the UK.
2.5 Theory related to this topic
In the case of the public health issue regarding obesity in the UK, the theory of the “Health Belief Model” is appropriate. This theory helps to predict the health behavior among the communities. This theory majorly deals with five stages in relation to obesity “pre-contemplation”, “contemplation”, “preparation”, “action” and “maintenance”. In the scenario of obesity, it can be said that through the use of the theory of the “Health Belief Model” the prevention program regarding obesity and the health promotion of obesity can be conducted. According to Sulat et al (2018), this theory helps to prejudice the changes regarding the health behavior of an individual for several types of disease.
On the other hand, in the case of obesity, this model has four variables like “perceived susceptibility”, “perceived severity”, “perceived benefits”, and “perceived barriers”. The details of the description of this disease obesity are based on these variables. Concerning this theory, it can be said that that“Health Belief Model”majorly give stresses the detection of disease in the society of a country.
According to Saghafi-Asl et al (2020), as this theory deals with the changes in the behavior of the health issue of the individual so the weight management system among the college students has been drastically presented through the utilization of the “Health Belief Model”. This report shows that in 2016, “World Health Organization” detected that 650 million people at the age of 18 are attacked by obesity.
2.6 Risk factors of this issue
The main risk factors of obesity are “household income and neighbourhood fast-food centres”, and these can be the key reasons for “ non-communicable diseases.” the study will state the evidence of the issues and their risk factors. The evidence of the study is “equivocal”, and the double burden of the issues is “the matter of public health importance.” According to Burgoine et al. (2018), the study tested the risk factors “neighbourhood fast-food outlet exposure and household income” of obesity and overweight children.
The result of the study states that income and fast-food outlets are directly proportional to obesity, body fat, overweight, etc. On the other hand, it has been proved that greater obesity is responsible for lower income, and this happened to the “excess risk due to interaction.”
The study states that there is an independent relationship or association which shows the large scale of obesity in the adults of the UK, and there are multiple objectives that measure adiposity. According to Kay et al. (2021), the children of the UK eat too many “fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and energy-dense foods”, which are the causes of dietary behaviour and increase the risks of obesity. “Maternal diet” is the key which helps the children to set their diet.
However, some mothers who have lower incomes have a poor diet for daily life. “The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)” is a special program which provides the best diet plans for mothers and children and improves their diet quality.
The development and the protocol of the study are to increase the “feasibility, satisfaction, and preliminary efficacy of a fully automated text messaging intervention”, and this is a strategy to improve the diet of mothers and children. There is a digital behavioural intervention that will provide the nutrition guidelines of the “Dietary Guidelines for Americans”, and the people can improve the issues by self-monitoring as well as feedback. On the other hand, Walker & Cresswell (2019) state that maternal obesity should be prevented for the mother and children.
It is another risk factor and can prevent the higher risks of poverty which is measured by “the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD).” The study is mainly focused on the relation between poverty and maternal obesity in the surrounded areas in Southeast England.
2.7 Epidemiology
The statistics on obesity in the UK state that there are 28% of adults have obesity and 36% of adults have overweight in England, and this has been estimated by “The Health Survey for England 2019”. It has also been proved that men have more obesity than women and the rates are 68.2% and 60.4%, respectively. The people of society who are 45-74 years old have more obesity.
After the pandemic situation, the most areas in England where the rates of poverty are more, the people of those areas have more obesity. Since 1993, the proportion of the people in England who have been overweight has risen up “from 52.9% to 64.3%,” and the people who have obesity proportion also has risen up “ from 14.9% to 28.0% (Commonslibrary.parliament.uk, 2022).”
According to Bjgp.org, 2017, the epidemiology of the adults who have overweight and obesity should be in the documentation, and this can be managed by the government of the UK. The study states that the researchers of the study took 2845 articles to collect the data from the UK and some other regional data. The number of patients in the documentation was “58% to 79%” and “43% to 52%” patients have obesity. The documentation includes the older aged people who have “higher BMI, coexistent chronic disease, and higher deprivation.”
There is a relation between “obesity and headache”, and it also focuses on “migraine and idiopathic intracranial hypertension.” The study defines the effect of obesity on the whole body as it increases migraine and reducing the positivity of the “central nervous system.” The result of the study states that “Truncal adiposity” is the key to obesity with increasing morbid migraine and headaches. There are highlights of “epidemiology and clinical level”, and it says that weight loss is helpful for improving morbid headaches.
2.8 Health economics regarding this topic
According to Lancsar et al. (2022), obesity is a public health issue and also a policy issue which is faced by the international community. There are various policies that help the government to reduce obesity and prevent it. Those are formed by “standard economics and behavioural economics”, but there is no clearance of what is acceptable policies by the taxpayers. There are eight policies which are accepted by the people of Australia, and those are-
- “Mass media campaign”
- “Traffic light nutritional labelling”
- “Taxing sugar-sweetened beverages.”
- “Prepaid cards to purchase healthy food”
- “Financial incentives to exercise”
- “Improved built environment for physical activity.”
- “Bans on advertising unhealthy food and drink to children”
- “Improved nutritional quality of food sold in public institutions”
The result of the study defines that there are 996 respondents who are represented as “Australian taxpayers in terms of age and gender”, and they completed the survey in the year 2017. On the other hand, Modrzejewska et al. (2022) state that the pandemic situation made it even more difficult for people to deal with their diet and the routine of daily life. The healthy eating apps and those training programs help the people or the adults to reduce their obesity without going out of their homes.
The people are not able to go out of their houses during the pandemic situation, and there are no physical activities for the adults and children. The school and the other organisations were closed due to the COVID-19, and the eating routine was also imbalanced. People can reduce obesity and overweight by eating healthy foods and doing some exercise in their daily life.
According to Alshahrani et al. (2021), people, especially parents, should be concerned about the overweight and obesity of children and this can be prevented and treated well. The study wants to analyse the rates of the people who have started following the healthy eating app and the training programs and their changing behaviours due to the COVID-19 (Eilander Minke et al. 2021). The aim of the study is to find out the generality of obesity and overweight status in children by “healthcare professionals (HCP).”
The results of the study define the underestimations of the caretakers and parents, and the rate is 55%. There are 47% of people who underestimate the obesity of children by verbal and visual scales (Alshahrani et al. 2021). Economics helps to collect resources and then produce the outputs for society. This is the way to inform the trending health issue of obesity to the people of the UK, and they should adopt different ways to decrease the obesity in their bodies (Cohen & Flood, 2022).
2.9 Intervention of this topic
There are several interventions for obesity, such as “personalised diet, exercise and cognitive behavioural therapy” (Pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 2017). People should eat healthy food and keep balanced diet plans which help them top control calories recommended by the “weight loss management health professionals.” the people should include physical activities in their daily life and other activities such as “fast walking, jogging, swimming or tennis for 150 to 300 minutes (2.5 to 5 hours) a week.”
The obesity rate of all adults is 63% in the UK, and that is over 35 million people (Nhs.uk, 2022). People should leave unhealthy foods and beverages such as “refined grains and sweets, potatoes, red meat, processed meats, and sugary drinks” and increase physical activities. They should limit their “television time, screen time, and other “sit time” and go out for sports and walking. Obesity brings boring life for adults and children, and they do not get any interest in doing any physical activities. People who have obesity face discrimination in society, and they lose their motivation in life.
3.0 Methodology
The current study is used various journals and articles to collect the data from different angles and understand the impact of obesity in the UK. The study takes a secondary data collection method, and the method helps the researchers to collect accurate data for the research topic. The secondary data collection method helps to understand the different data presented in the different journals.
Moreover, in this study, there are some websites from where the researchers have collected the data and then compared them with other journals to identify the correct one. It has been clear from this study that obesity has a strong impact on adults and children. It increased due to the pandemic situation and the unhealthy eating routine. The parents should be concerned for their children about their obesity and overweight.
There is a journal which defines that obesity as a global challenge for the people, and it can represent the development of effective intervention of the research. The data collection method of this study is secondary, and it took data from “the UK Biobank cohort” to improve the obesity classification (Clark et al. 2022).
With the help of the secondary data collection method, the researchers can retrieve the data from the internet, archives, organisational reports, libraries, etc. Moreover, here in this study, the data are taken to do a literature review to understand the risk factors and the impact of obesity. The journals also help the researchers to know the health economies and the policies which have been accepted by the people in the UK to reduce obesity in the human body.
The secondary data collection method helps the researchers to reduce the costs of purchasing sources from the market and improve the effectiveness of the data. However, the current researchers are not to invest more money or time to search for the correct data on the topic. It also helps to justify the data and formulate a proper research design for the research work. With the help of this process, the researchers can save time and do the research work faster because they can collect data straight from the previous analysed journals and articles.
4.0 Conclusion
It has been concluded that obesity is a significant health issue globally, and it is a challenge for people to make their life easier. People who have obesity face various challenges in daily life and increase their health issues. The children are also affected by obesity, and they can not control their food habits.
It has also been shown that those people who have poor diet plans and lower income have no proper diet, and it also affects the human body. The study does the literature review by taking some different journals and articles to understand the impact of obesity on the UK people. Therefore, men have more obesity than women, and the rates are 68.2% and 60.4%, respectively.
The “National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP)” is the program that helps the government to identify the rate of obesity in children in primary schools. The current trends of obesity are “Morbid Obesity and the COVID-19”, and the risk factors for obesity are “household income and neighbourhood fast-food centres”, and these can be the key reasons for “ non-communicable diseases.”
“The Health Survey for England 2019” states that 28% of adults have obesity and 36% of adults have overweight in England. The people of society who are 45-74 years old have more obesity. The study used the “secondary data collection method” to collect data from different journals to understand the overall effect of obesity in children and adults in the UK.
References
Alshahrani, A., Shuweihdi, F., Swift, J., & Avery, A. (2021). Underestimation Of Overweight Weight Status In Children And Adolescents Aged 0‐19 Years: A Systematic Review And Meta‐Analysis. Obesity Science & Practice, 7(6), 760-796. Retrieved from: Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/Osp4.531, [Retrieved on: 14.06.2022]
Badesha, H. S., Bagri, G., Nagra, A., Nijran, K., Singh, G., & Aiyegbusi, O. L. (2021). Tackling childhood overweight and obesity after the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet. Child & adolescent health, 5(10), 687–688. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00204-2, [Retrieved on: 14.06.2022]
Bjgp.org, 2017, Epidemiology of adult overweight recording and management by UK GPs: a systematic review, Retrieved from: https://bjgp.org/content/67/663/e676, [Retrieved on: 14.06.2022]
Burgoine, T., Sarkar, C., Webster, C.J. et al. Examining the interaction of fast-food outlet exposure and income on diet and obesity: evidence from 51,361 UK Biobank participants. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 15, 71 (2018). Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-018-0699-8, [Retrieved on: 14.06.2022]
Clark, S., Lomax, N., Birkin, M., & Morris, M. (2022). A Foresight Whole Systems Obesity Classification For The English UK Biobank Cohort. BMC Public Health, 22, 1-15. Retrieved from: Https://Doi.Org/10.1186/S12889-022-12650-X, [Retrieved on: 14.06.2022]
Cohen, D., & Flood, C. (2022). Health Economics. In: Naidoo, J., Wills, J. (eds) Health Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2149-9_9
Commonslibrary.parliament.uk, 2022, Obesity Statistics, Retrieved from: https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn03336/#:~:text=The%20Health%20Survey%20for%20England,is%20classified%20as%20’overweight’. [Retrieved on: 14.06.2022]
Commonslibrary.parliament.uk, 2022. Retrieved from: https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn03336/#:~:text=Adult%20obesity%20in%20England,are%20overweight%20but%20not%20obese. [Retrieved on: 15.6.2022]
Eilander Minke, M. A., Van Mil Marieke, M. A., Koetsier, L. W., Seidell Jacob, C., & Jutka, H. (2021). Preferences On How To Measure And Discuss Health Related Quality Of Life Within Integrated Care For Children With Obesity. Journal Of Patient-Reported Outcomes, 5(1), Retrieved from: Https://Doi.Org/10.1186/S41687-021-00381-3, [Retrieved on: 14.06.2022]
Janssen, F., Bardoutsos, A., & Vidra, N. (2020). Obesity prevalence in the long-term future in 18 European countries and in the USA. Obesity facts, 13(5), 514-527. 10.1159/000511023.
Kay, M. C., Hammad, N. M., Herring, S. J., & Bennett, G. G. (2021). Using Interactive Text Messaging To Improve Diet Quality And Increase Redemption Of Foods Approved By The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program For Women, Infants, And Children: Protocol For A Cohort Feasibility Study. JMIR Research Protocols, 10(12), Retrieved from: Https://Doi.Org/10.2196/32441, [Retrieved on: 14.06.2022]
Keaver, L., Xu, B., Jaccard, A., & Webber, L. (2018). Morbid obesity in the UK: A modelling projection study to 2035. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 140349481879481. Retrieved from: doi:10.1177/1403494818794814, [Retrieved on: 14.06.2022]
Keaver, L., Xu, B., Jaccard, A., & Webber, L. (2020). Morbid obesity in the UK: A modelling projection study to 2035. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 48(4), 422-427. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1403494818794814.
Lancsar, E., Ride, J., Black, N., Burgess, L., & Peeters, A. (2022). Social acceptability of standard and behavioral economic inspired policies designed to reduce and prevent obesity. Health Economics, 31(1), 197-214. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.4451, [Retrieved on: 14.06.2022]
Modrzejewska, J., Modrzejewska, A., Czepczor-Bernat, K., & Matusik, P. (2022). The Role Of Body Mass Index, Healthy Eating-Related Apps And Educational Activities On Eating Motives And Behaviours Among Women During The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross Sectional Study. Plos One, 17(3), Retrieved from: Https://Doi.Org/10.1371/Journal.Pone.0266016, [Retrieved on: 14.06.2022]
Nhs.uk, 2022, Overview-Obesity, Retrieved from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obesity/ [Retrieved on: 14.06.2022]
Pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 2017, Overweight and obesity: effectiveness of interventions in adults, Retrieved from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29274691/, [Retrieved on: 14.06.2022]
Saghafi-Asl, M., Aliasgharzadeh, S., & Asghari-Jafarabadi, M. (2020). Factors influencing weight management behavior among college students: An application of the Health Belief Model. PloS one, 15(2), e0228058. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228058.
Sulat, J. S., Prabandari, Y. S., Sanusi, R., Hapsari, E. D., & Santoso, B. (2018). The validity of health belief model variables in predicting behavioral change: A scoping review. Health Education. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/HE-05-2018-0027/full/html?af=R.
Walker, I. V., & Cresswell, J. A. (2019). Multiple deprivation and other risk factors for maternal obesity in Portsmouth, UK. Journal of Public Health, 41(2), 278-286. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy110, [Retrieved on: 14.06.2022]
Westgate Connar, S. J., Israelsen Ida, M. E., Jensen, R. H., & Sajedeh, E. (2021). Understanding The Link Between Obesity And Headache- With Focus On Migraine And Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Official Journal Of The Italian Society For The Study Of Headaches. The Journal Of Headache And Pain, 22(1), Retrieved from: Https://Doi.Org/10.1186/S10194-021-01337-0, [Retrieved on: 14.06.2022]
Know more about UniqueSubmission’s other writing services:
