Sustainable Processing Assignment Sample

Installations for the harnessing of wind power for Energy production

Part A

Brief  description of the project

In addition to pumping water and grinding grain, people have depended on wind energy to conduct a number of other tasks for millennia. Around the 7th century, the Iranian city of Sistani was credited with the construction of the world’s first functioning windmills.

It was also typical precise in Holland during the 14th century to use windmills to pump water, and this was a prevalent precise in Europe at the time. When James Blyth of Scotland erected the world’s first windmill dedicated entirely to battery charging in 1887, it was a watershed moment in history( Rinne,2018). When Charles Brush of Cleveland, Ohio, became the first to operate a massive windmill to produce electricity in 1888, it was a watershed moment in the history of electricity . He wasn’t the only one who had shown up (Konstantinos,2019).

Rationale  for the development taking place

The building of large-scale wind turbines throughout Europe, namely in Germany, Denmark, and France, occurred during the first half of the twentieth century [5. California has about 4600 wind turbines distributed across the state as of the end of 1983 (Imani, 2019) .

The total amount of power generated by these wind turbines was around 300 megawatts when added together. From 14 cents per kilowatt hour in 1985 to 5 cents per kilowatt hour in 2014, the cost of wind power electricity has declined significantly, making it a more cost-effective alternative energy source than previously imagined. Increased pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, among other environmental challenges, have forced businesses in areas such as transportation, energy production, and fuel consumption to discover ways to minimize their emissions. This is especially true for firms in the transportation sector (Anup,2019).

Project  components

Following the International Energy Agency’s assessment, wind energy is considered to be the least environmentally harmful of all conventional and alternative electrical energy sources because it produces no toxic emissions or hazardous waste, consumes no significant amounts of water, and does not necessitate the extraction of natural resources. Extremely small levels of pollutants are produced during the construction of steel and concrete wind turbines and towers, as well as during the whole wind energy fuel cycle. The fact that the non-economic expenses connected with wind energy are among the lowest when compared to the costs associated with other energy sources  is one of the factors contributing to this. Due to the fact that it produces substantially less carbon dioxide and other pollutants than conventional forms of energy generation, wind energy is considered to be a more environmentally friendly source of energy than conventional types of energy generation (Mostafaeipour,2019).

stages, timescales, and projected lifetime.

It is important not to lose sight of the reality that wind energy resources have less environmental consequences than many other kinds of energy generation, including coal. For every MW of built capacity, a utility-scale wind farm generally necessitates the creation of between 15 and 50 acres of new land. Although they occupy around 5% of the total land area, this leaves the other 95% available for other uses such as farming and ranching to flourish. Following the decommissioning of a wind farm, it is likely that the region may simply revert to its natural state, which is an important element to consider (Arteaga-López,2019).

Scoping  matrix for the project

Wind, sun, water, and a number of other kinds of renewable energy are just a few examples of sustainable energy sources. Wind energy is the most common of the renewable electricity generating options that are available in many countries, including the United States. According to the United Nations Environment Programmer, wind energy is utilized to power electrical networks in 83 countries throughout the world, according to their 2015 study (Ahmed,2018). According to the International Wind Energy Association, wind energy capacity increased by 16 percent worldwide in 2014. Wind energy output continues to grow with each passing year, and it currently accounts for around 4 percent of global electricity consumption, or 11.4 percent in the European Union. An investigation of the use of wind energy to create electricity is conducted in this research, which examines the potential of cost effectiveness, in addition to the opportunities and challenges associated with it. Results of this study were published in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, which is an academic publication. Separately from that, this research investigates the impact of wind energy on industrial zones and individuals, as well as the environment (Narayanan,2019).

Apart from that, the cost of solar energy has dropped below that of conventional and alternative renewable energy sources, and it is significantly less expensive than solar and nuclear energy, among other things. When environmental expenses are taken into consideration, the cost-effectiveness of wind energy grows even more significantly. This is due to the fact that wind energy has no detrimental influence on the environment or on public health in general.

Wind energy will be investigated in this article in order to determine the current operating conditions and identify any hurdles that are hindering its successful use. The following terms will be used throughout this research in order to accomplish this goal:

The following is a high-level overview of the paper’s organisational structure: Generally speaking, Section 2 covers the topic of wind turbines in general and offers an overview of the technology. There are two commonly used types of wind turbines discussed in this article, as well as their merits and disadvantages and the relative power equations that control them. Section 3 of this paper discusses the problems associated with directly connecting solar-generated electricity to the electrical grid, as well as how an inverter should be selected in order to overcome these difficulties. A successful collection of wind energy in Section 4 may help to minimise the overall cost of the project. Section 4 is expected to be completed by the end of 2018. Microgrids are a fantastic choice for those who live in rural or isolated places since they provide reliable power. Section 6 discusses how an energy storage system may be utilised to complement a hybrid wind-PV system by allowing the user to manage the rate at which the wind generator and PV systems operate at any given time. Section 7 provides a high-level review of the research findings (Chaurasiya,2019).

five of the most significant scores in the matrix

1. The location of the swept area could be a bit harder to determine in this circumstance. In order to make things easier to comprehend, the area of a rectangle with a width equal to the maximum rotating diameter and a height equal to the vertical extension of the blades can be used to estimate the size of this region )Jung,2018).
2. Among the most important factors influencing a WTG’s capacity to generate electricity are the three requirements stated below: In addition to wind speed and blade diameter, other variables to take into consideration include air density, which are both measured in density units. In order to achieve maximum efficiency from a wind turbine, its efficiency (represented by CP in Equation (4)) must first be increased to its maximum value and then gradually decreased over time.
3. This is possible despite the fact that wind speeds are not always constant and that stronger winds provide more energy than weaker winds, if the wind turbine is operated at its maximum efficiency (Dawn,2019).
4. When the wind speed goes below 8 miles per hour, different types of wind turbines cease to perform and shut down (e.g., vertical type with three blades). In accordance with the setup of the generator, it may create its maximum power at speeds ranging from 25 to 55 miles per hour.
5. When the wind speed exceeds around 55 miles per hour, the majority of wind turbines (WTGs) will be shut down in order to save energy resources. Because the quantity of vertical disc produced by the spinning blades can be measured, the amount of energy generated by the WTG can be determined when the spinning blades form a vertical disc.

Part B

Explain what legislation and policy covers this parameter.

The amount of output may be estimated more accurately if the size of the “harvesting” surface of the wind blades is increased. Some studies have shown that increasing the diameter of the rotor (or blade) by one or more orders of magnitude can result in an increase in power output of up to fourfold in some cases. WTGs are available in a variety of sizes, with the larger versions often proving to be more efficient. In addition to its height, it has the ability to reach greater heights and endure stronger winds than other aircraft, increasing the likelihood that it may be affected by turbulence.

It is not true that friction has a bigger impact on wind speed in the first few hundred metres above the ground than it does when the wind passes across the surface of the earth during its voyage, contrary to common opinion. Even on a calm sea, it is possible to go at high speeds due to the fact that the surface offers little resistance and the speed varies very minimally when one ascends the vertical inclination. Surface breezes, for example, might be inhibited by the high irregularity of woods and buildings, resulting in them being less efficient in cooling the environment. Wind velocity is influenced by the roughness of the Earth’s surface, which is demonstrated in the following equation (5).

secondary baseline data that is available for this parameter in the location.

According to learner  , the capacity of the wind to convert kinetic energy into spin may be influenced by the density of the air, which is taken into consideration while evaluating the wind. The density of air may be thought of as a function of height in a number of situations. Here are a few examples. Higher altitudes have lower air pressure and density than lower altitudes, which makes them less productive for wind turbine generators than lower altitudes.

The “heavy” air near the earth’s surface allows rotors to spin more effectively, which increases their efficiency. The density of air is described as a function of the distance between two points in space by the equation (6), which can be written as

Considering the following equations, the numbers 3, 1, 0, and 6 are all the same as one another: The numbers 3, 1, 0, and 6 are all the same as each other.

Using the formula below, it can be deduced that the concept gas constant (R) is equal to 0.082057 L atm mol-1K-1 and that the absolute pressure (P) is measured in atmospheres, respectively (atm).

The acronyms for molecular weight (g/mol) and temperature are represented by the letters M.W. and T, respectively, in the alphabet (in degrees Celsius).

critical analysis of the types of prediction methods that could be used for the project impact.

An unfortunate consequence of this is that, because the voltages and frequencies of electricity supplied by wind energy resources vary according to the wind’s velocity, they are unable to be connected directly to the grid. For this reason, it has been decided that a WTG with variable speed would be employed to address the problem. An electronic inverter is used to link the generator to the power grid in variable speed machines, allowing the machine to run at a constant speed while still generating electricity.

Typically, the output of a synchronous generator or an induction generator that does not have slip rings to connect to the grid is fitted with a sort of inverter system, and the whole generator’s output must pass through the inverter before it can be used to create electricity.

Slip rings are used to link the stator of induction generators directly to the grid, hence eliminating the need for any additional components to be put on the generator. When it comes to connecting the rotor of a generator to the electrical grid, electronic inverters are used (Figure 4). The fact that just a portion of the electricity generated is sent to the inverter makes this a very cost-effective method of producing electricity. As a consequence, inverter systems are able to operate at nominal power levels that are lower than those of a WTG system as a result of the above.

The generator of any wind energy resource must be in good functioning order in order for it to be effective and efficient.

critical analysis of the types of mitigation measures for the significant impacts.

Researchers have discovered that investing in wind turbine generators (WTG) at the outset of a renewable energy project lowers the overall cost of the project. It is possible that if a wind turbine generator (WTG) is put in a windy region, the electricity generated by the same unit will be more cost-effective than electricity generated by other sources. If all goes according to plan, the wind farm should be profitable within three to four months after being fully operational, giving it time to recoup the energy it spent during construction.

Generally speaking, wastewater treatment facilities are constructed to endure for more than twenty years in operation, after which they may be dismantled at a low financial and environmental cost to make way for new facilities that are less harmful to the environment and more ecologically friendly. In contrast to fossil-fuel and nuclear-powered electricity generation, the development that has been achieved in wind energy is the type of advancement that, in many situations, may be reversed.

In accordance with the wind speed, a contemporary wind turbine may generate electricity 70 to 85 percent of the time; however, the amount of power generated can vary greatly depending on the model. The load factor of a system is defined as the proportion of the theoretical maximum output energy that the system generates over the course of a year, expressed in percentage. Most of the time, the load factor of a conventional power plant is 50 percent or more in the vast majority of cases. According to industry estimates, a modern WTG should be capable of meeting the energy requirements of more than a thousand residential structures per year. Recent data indicate that the cost of generating electricity from wind has decreased significantly in recent years.

Overall  process for submission and review of an EIA and decision-making in your chosen jurisdiction.

The cost of wind energy might be as low as two cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh) by 2020, making it more inexpensive than all other kinds of energy at that time, according to projections from a number of nations. Following the United States Department of Energy’s estimates, Figure 5 indicates that the cost of energy has decreased from 38 cents per kWh in 1982 to around 5 cents per kWh in 2012. [1. In Figure 5, it can be shown that for every three-year rise in wind energy capacity, costs decrease by 15 percent, as shown in the graph, as can be seen in the graph (the lower graph).

Furthermore, in the vast majority of places of the country, it is far less expensive than solar energy. The levelized cost of energy  for unsubsidized wind and solar generating plants is depicted in Figure 6, and it is computed using the levelized cost of energy method to arrive at this figure. Each data point is represented by a price range that is shown above it, and each price range represents a distinct area of the United States of America, as seen in the image below. It is true that the cost of solar energy is greater than the cost of conventional electricity; however, over the previous four years, the cost of solar energy has decreased from $394 per megawatt hour (MWh) to $86 per megawatt hour (MWh) (2009-2014).

Conclusion

Even more importantly, once the wind farm is constructed and its fuel is freely and publicly available, there will be no need to incur any further fuel or waste-related expenses in order to keep it functioning. In order to fulfil future climate change targets, it will be required to deploy both onshore and offshore wind power. When compared to the creation of an offshore wind farm, the building of a wind farm on land is more cost-effective. Offshore wind farms are presently being constructed in greater numbers than they have ever been. As a result of greater understanding of the wind energy business, the cost of wind energy will decrease.

References

Ahmed, A. S. (2018). Wind energy characteristics and wind park installation in Shark El-Ouinat, Egypt. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 734-742.

Anup, K. C., Whale, J., & Urmee, T. (2019). Urban wind conditions and small wind turbines in the built environment: A review. Renewable energy, 131, 268-283.

Arteaga-López, E., Ángeles-Camacho, C. and Bañuelos-Ruedas, F., 2019. Advanced methodology for feasibility studies on building-mounted wind turbines installation in urban environment: Applying CFD analysis. Energy, 167, pp.181-188.

Chaurasiya, P. K., Warudkar, V., & Ahmed, S. (2019). Wind energy development and policy in India: A review. Energy Strategy Reviews, 24, 342-357.

Dawn, S., Tiwari, P. K., Goswami, A. K., Singh, A. K., & Panda, R. (2019). Wind power: Existing status, achievements and government’s initiative towards renewable power dominating India. Energy Strategy Reviews, 23, 178-199.

Imani, M. H., Niknejad, P., & Barzegaran, M. R. (2019). Implementing Time-of-Use Demand Response Program in microgrid considering energy storage unit participation and different capacities of installed wind power. Electric Power Systems Research, 175, 105916.

Jung, C., Schindler, D., & Laible, J. (2018). National and global wind resource assessment under six wind turbine installation scenarios. Energy conversion and management, 156, 403-415.

Konstantinos, I., Georgios, T., & Garyfalos, A. (2019). A Decision Support System methodology for selecting wind farm installation locations using AHP and TOPSIS: Case study in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace region, Greece. Energy Policy, 132, 232-246.

Konstantinos, I., Georgios, T., & Garyfalos, A. (2019). A Decision Support System methodology for selecting wind farm installation locations using AHP and TOPSIS: Case study in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace region, Greece. Energy Policy, 132, 232-246.

Mostafaeipour, A., Rezaei, M., Moftakharzadeh, A., Qolipour, M., & Salimi, M. (2019). Evaluation of hydrogen production by wind energy for agricultural and industrial sectors. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(16), 7983-7995.

Narayanan, A., Mets, K., Strobbe, M., & Develder, C. (2019). Feasibility of 100% renewable energy-based electricity production for cities with storage and flexibility. Renewable energy, 134, 698-709.

Rinne, E., Holttinen, H., Kiviluoma, J., & Rissanen, S. (2018). Effects of turbine technology and land use on wind power resource potential. Nature Energy, 3(6), 494-500.

Weschenfelder, F., Leite, G. D. N. P., da Costa, A. C. A., de Castro Vilela, O., Ribeiro, C. M., Ochoa, A. A. V., & Araujo, A. M. (2020). A review on the complementarity between grid-connected solar and wind power systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 257, 120617.

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