Assignment Sample on U21862 World Englishes

Introduction

The quick widespread of English as a language of communication has developed interests, but at the same time, there is a controversial debate regarding the status of English (Jonasson & Afshari, 2018). This is known as World Englishes; it is about the English language as a lingua franca used in trade, diplomacy, business, and other spheres of global activities. This term is concerned with the various varieties of English and based creoles developed in different regions of the globe (Haidar & Fang, 2019). There is no disagreement in the fact that the English language is getting compulsory every day to transact and interact with each other, specifically from different nations.

Thus, the present paper is based on the topic; English is considered in various sectors in Pakistan instead of Urdu.

The assignment begins with the analysis and explanation of the significance of English literature and language, specifically in the context of Pakistan. Further, it highlights the code-switching concepts of languages within Pakistan. This writing also signifies the primary teaching methods and strategies adopted by teachers within the nation and the impact of these strategies on students’ performance. Moreover, this study also encompasses the shortcomings and issues in the teaching and learning context of the nation. Additionally, based on the limitations, the last section of the assessment is inclined towards mentioning recommendations.

Literature

Yates et. al. (2019) states literature can be said as a body of written works. It also mirrors the society and community in which it is generated. Literature can be classified further as per various systems, including national origin, language, genre, historical period, and subject matter. English literature has numerous definitions and multiple genres and a well recognized historical background aligned with the history of Great Britain. In the modern Era, literature has a crucial significance that cannot be avoided. It is the official language in international sports, politics, markets, and institutions (Idrisovna, 2020). Even social media and mainstream media are highly reliable and dependent upon this language. This language can be appropriately learnt and studied. Learning English literature allows students to think critically about complex topics. This is a skill that helps the student emphasize attention to detail. The learner gets capable of considering literary texts from different theoretical perspectives. It broadens the horizons and enables to development of transferable skills.

Importance of English language globally

Out of 6500 spoken languages today, it is vital to learn and speak English as it is the Global Language. According to Kralova & Dolezelova (2021), English is the third most widely spoken language globally and is spoken in more than 118 countries. This is also used as a diplomatic or trade language. English is a language of Aviation, computer, science, tourism, and diplomacy. Whether it is personal reasons or professional, the importance of English cannot be underestimated as it is the critical language to reach the goal. It is said as the language of international communication. It is the official language in around 53 countries and is widely spoken as the first language by approximately 400 million people globally (Villar, 2018).

In the Continuous and Rapid growth of Information Technology on the Internet, this language rules the Internet. Considering the field of education, this area has amplified the function of the English language. Most of the materials related to education, resources and books are English. Also, the global Educational system in several colleges and universities worldwide has the critical requirement of the English language. Those people who study Abroad uses this language as a medium of communication. In addition to this, it can be said that the lack of this language knowledge can make anyone insufficient in today’s competitive age (Turan & Akdag-Cimen, 2020).

Most importantly, this is considered the international language of business. Elaish et. al. (2019) mentions that for students to emerge as core professionals in International and Global Business, it is essential to have in-depth knowledge of this language. Therefore irrespective of the native language, several countries have adopted the pattern of teaching the English language in their educational institutions. Learning this language has become a crucial need in this hour.

Identification in context of Pakistan

Language is essential in every country because it is a medium for expressing an individual’s thoughts in words. It has become necessary as this International language plays an indispensable role in everyday life. It is also playing an essential role in the educational institutions of Pakistan. English is considered a co-official language with Urdu. English is widely used and spoken in Pakistan for study and other purposes. It is also used in business circles and offices. In Pakistan, English is a second language, not a foreign language. Baethge (2020) describes that it is a language for newspapers, radio, television and even mass media. It is also considered as a language of industrial enterprises.

The nation understands the need to learn and speak this global language, which is the reason for the social and economic prosperity of the country (Asif, Afzal & Bashir, 2020). This is the demanding competency and employability capability worldwide. Hence, it is primarily vital for the students of Pakistan to have a command of this language. It is believed that those students who have an excellent knowledge of this language have higher chances of attaining better achievements. They can also perform much better in academics in comparison with other students (Rao, 2019). Thus, it is directly linked to social status and career performance. The most significant advantage of this language is that it gives the student access to multiple cultures. Good knowledge of the language allows a person to access literature and several other things around the globe.

Code-switching and language switching

As per the views of Sifakis (2019), from a linguistic standpoint, code-switching is considered a crucial skill to develop in an ever-evolving multicultural world. In addition to this, Haidar & Fang (2019) argues that code-switching is an inevitable result of language contact, mainly in multilingual societies. Pakistan is a multilingual Nation, and more than 70 languages are spoken. Urdu is considered the national language of Pakistan, and Urdu and English are referred to as the vital official languages of the country. In Pakistan, it has been evaluated that English-Urdu code-switching is done in informal and formal discussions. Bilingual speakers begin the conversation with one language and then move to another language as per the attitude of the partner or their code selection (Haidar & Fang, 2019). It is a communicative strategy used by bilingual teachers to teach English to non-native English speakers. Within the context of the country, the importance of this language is increasing, and thus everyone concentrates on speaking this language in their everyday communication and interaction. Code-switching in Pakistan can be found in courses, lectures, gatherings, school, college, home, or even in the workplace.

Also, in Educational Institutes, including private and public, English is taught as a compulsory subject (Iqbal, Aftab & Azhar, 2019). The majority of the students in Pakistan cannot acquire communicative skills in English. This is the reason that code-switching from English to Urdu has become a demand of the students. Even an English language classroom teacher’s switch code from the global English language to Urdu helps to make the learners or students aware and understand the complex concepts with a view to clarifying in the classrooms. In Pakistan, some teachers are also found to switch code, intending to translate the grammatical points to make the concept easier for the learners. There can be several reasons for switching code in the language classroom (Bolander, 2021). Therefore it is crucial to identify those reasons in Pakistan. Some educators change back to Urdu or their mother tongue to satisfy the academic ends and serve the social needs of the students. Code-switching is generally used to socialize with learners. This is because when the teacher or educator realizes the importance of being friendly to suit the need of the entire language learning process.

Increasing usage of English language in Pakistan in comparison with Urdu In various sectors

As it is evident that Urdu is acclaimed as the national language by the Pakistani government on its emergence, still it is used as the co-official language along with English in its various sectors such as judicial, education, administration and many more. In Pakistan, mainly five languages have more than 10 million speakers for each they are: Urdu, Pashto, Saraiki, Sindhi, and Punjabi. Bu still a dominance of English language is inevitable as English is a global language and enables to communicate the country with outer countries which are non-Urdu countries conveniently (Haidar & Fang, 2019). Although in Pakistan, Urdu is still the primary language spoken by its urbanized Pakistanis and is used by their local media and press for their reporting’s. Als Urdu is the compulsory language to be learned in its primary and secondary schools.

According to the time, the usage of the English language is also increasing in Pakistan’s different sectors so that they can successfully compete with the world and develop themselves accordingly. Understanding the requirements of the English Language in various industries and its reasons can be elaborated according to the sectors as below:

Education Sector: From the beginning, English is the official working language, and it is also acclaimed as the language of the most elite and privileged institutions such as Bureaucracy and the Military. Before, it was not very surprising the usage of English was increasing, and it’s playing the role of gatekeeper for the educated youth to get entry in higher education institutions and high packaged jobs (Abbas & Iqubal, 2018). Although in Pakistan’s National Education Policy (NEP) in 2009, the importance of regional languages along with Urdu and English were recognized. However, the regional languages are still positioned at the lowest in the language hierarchy and are still used for informal communication among the inner circle of friends and family. The Pakistani education system is divided into three sectors: the Public sector (Urdu medium schools), the Private sector (English Medium schools), and the religious schools, which are Madrassahs (Koonj et. al. 2020).

The primary reason behind the increasing usage of English in the education sector is its positioning as the promising “World Language”. In order to achieve personal development and economic growth younger generation’s desire to learn the English language is increasing. In  Pakistan, literacy in English is considered similar to ICT skills for successfully participating in the present scenario of globalization and becoming a successful part of the global village. Further, its usage in the education sector is also increasing as the higher study levels are more dominant by the English language than the Urdu language (Abbas, Pervaiz & Arshad, 2018). English also helps the younger generation gain new knowledge and become more employable in the global market.

These growth opportunities are not available to the students through the Urdu language. Fur her in the education sector in order to provide the same chance of learning Pakistan’s all the higher institutions adopts the English books and study material majorly. In addition to this for developing its youths capabilities and their knowledge Pakistan actively participates in student exchange programmes which provides the students extreme opportunities for growth and development for attaining these opportunities and successfully achieving their goals of studies and job youth in the sector are more attracted toward the English language, and this also enhances the reasons of increasing the usages of English in education sectors.

Administration sector: it is worth mentioning here that in Pakistan, the whole Pakistani constitution and other Laws are written in the English language, and after so many years in recent years, it is started to be written in regional or local languages (Asrul, 2019). The English language usage is increasing in the country because of this sector and as getting jobs in this sector or the related industry a proper proficient knowledge of English mandatory in the respective country. Further this language also helps the countries importers and exporters to deal with the international people in business efficiently as the policies and laws are written in English and can be understood by everyone very quickly. If the rules and policies are written in Urdu, it will make it quite tricky for people in business from non-Urdu backgrounds to understand them, and that might hinder the business process (Yasmin & Islam, 2018).

In addition to this, for the future growth of the countries judiciary system, amendments for the betterment of the country will also take place in the English language (Isabelli et. al. 2018). That also influences the young generation who are planning to start their carrier in this sector to learn more about this global language and become a proficient part of Pakistan’s judiciary system.

Technological sector: This is the sector which is emerging as the base of all the other sectors, and for vital use of emerging new technologies, it is essential to have their instructions, usages and other related documents in such a language which can be understood by the users worldwide. For example, currently, Pakistan is on the way to its becoming the first digital nation to provide its services worldwide at the lowest cost as their marketers are very well educated and proficient in their work, and secondly, vast populations of Pakistani natives are working in various courtiers in this sector (Zubair et. al. 2019). Thus, in order to deal with the clients worldwide and attract more customers and innovate ne technology for the world customers usage of English language along with proper working is a must as communication and written work also take an important place during business workings.

Currently, the primary services that Pakistani vendors are offering digitally are tools to boost your internet search engine optimization, games speed optimization tools, quality SEO service, and many more. Now, these services are provided online digitally. If these services only serve in the Urdu language, the world’s vast population will not be able to access these services quickly. Thus, it is very important to use the English language in such kinds of technological things and reach more customers, which benefits the businessman of the country and helps in the country’s economic growth.

Science: In Pakistan, the world’s largest Irrigation system was developed, which provides almost 58,500 Km long irrigation network to its 90% agricultural land (Manan, David & Dumanig, 2016). The world record and many countries want to know about this system from to Pakistani Engineers for development of their agricultural lands also. But without the use of the English language, this interaction seems impossible as the Urdu language can’t be understood worldwide. Through the use of the English language, the repost of this irrigation system will provide huge support to agriculture worldwide and also help the developing countries to strengthen their agriculture even more (Khan, Hussain & Khatoon, 2020). So the usage English language is also increasing in this sector rapidly. Another example, which is worth mentioning here, is related to the medical field in which a prominent doctor of Pakistan has developed medicine for a Brain tumour and that medicine is now prescribed by the doctors worldwide to save the patients suffering from this life taking diseases suppose if that research was not converted into English language or the doctor was not literate in the English language will she be able to do this miracle as most of the books and journals and available study material is published in the English language.

Currently, the world is evolving very fast, and new scientific research and innovations are taking part very frequently (Kundi, Shah & Nawaz, 2018). For actively participating in such race and updating the knowledge, the young generation of Pakistan is relying on international journals or the internet services and all the information available is specifically in the English language in order to easy access of all the readers worldwide thus it also increases the usages of English language in this sector.

Trading and International Relations: In today’s business-oriented world, the usage of the English language is widely increasing as the medium of effective communication for both small business concerns and large corporation elites. As he Lingua Franca in Pakistan and other developing countries all over the globe, English is proffered language in business communities as several partners belonging from different countries are not able to speak the same native (Urdu) language (Nagrah, Chaudhry & Giordano, 2016). Even certain industries like airlines and shipping have also acclaimed English as their industrial language to trade freely worldwide. This also influences the use of the English language in Pakistan’s trading sector.

Further, the relationship between the different governments and their policies for the corporation are also returned in the English language to avoid any kind of issues such as the foreign direct investment policy of the country, the trade agreement policies, the contract and partnership laws and many more (Fang & Haidar, 2019). The policies help the foreign companies to understand the laws and regulations of the host country, and if these laws were returned in the Native language in Pakistan, that would further make it hard for the investors to understand the policies and laws in detail and which hinder the whole process of trading.

Thus from the above sector study, it is evident that in Pakistan, in order to catch the run with the world for development and growth, usage of the English language in different sectors are increasing rapidly (Rana, Bashir & Abbas, 2020), which is not only helping the youth of the country to become more employable but also the business and other sectors to grow dynamically.

Role of teachers and teaching methods

The role of a language teacher is to formulate an environment where the students can learn most and overcome their confusions and shortcomings. Jabeen (2020) opines that teaching is not just about stuffing the mind of the student but helping the student with learning some skills and acquiring knowledge. Therefore, quality teaching is essential, and this requires several roles and responsibilities to be fulfilled by the teachers. The language teacher has to understand the problems and obstacles of the learner to gain in-depth information about their learning process. In addition to this, in the first place, the student should be made aware of the significance of learning English as it has become important. In this context, Haidar (2019), mentions that acquiring a second language is a critical task, which needs the teachers’ support and motivation. A teaching method involves the policies, approaches, and principles that can be used for instructing students. The prevalent and frequently used teaching methods in a class can be demonstration, memorization, and participation or a blend of these.

Role of teachers and teaching methods in Pakistan

Furthermore, it can be said that teachers in Pakistan are pretty aware of the significance of this global language, and hence much emphasis is given to language learning. Due to the official decisions or political policies, English is taught as the second language in the educational institutions within the cited nation (Din, 2020).

The teaching methods considered within Pakistan involve the grammar-translation method, audio-visual, silent way, direct method, and communicative approach. Among these, the grammar-translation method (GTM) is not a new methodology for language teachers. This method is helpful as it enhances the students’ reading comprehension capability. Also, this method is adopted within the nation as it raises the chances of increasing vocabulary and learning about conscious grammatical rules. Furthermore, the techniques of this teaching practice involve translation of the literary passage, antonyms, synonyms, reading comprehension questions, and the use of words in sentences.

On the contrary, the direct method is introduced in opposition to the grammar-translation method. For example, the direct practice focuses on the communicative capabilities of the learners in language learning (Asif, Afzal & Bashir, 2020). However, the grammar-translation approach emphasizes on comprehension of the ability of the student. In this approach, less concentration is given on the grammatical concepts, and it is more appropriate for the class of thirty students.

The techniques involved question and answer exercises, reading aloud, map drawing, dictation, and paragraph writing. This is beneficial as it allows the students to learn the meaning of the objects in the classroom environment, and vocabulary is acquired naturally. Dialogue practice is encouraged in this teaching method, and creative writing improves (Kalsoom, Soomro & Pathan, 2020).

Further, it has been evaluated that most students have shown preferences and interests in the learnings they get from the grammar-translation method.

Effect of teaching technique and strategies on students in Pakistan

According to Iqbal, Aftab & Azhar (2019), a competent teacher has the capability to turn the boring lesson into an engaging lesson by applying several tactics. Noting the same, it can be stated that the method and style of teaching impacts a lot on a student’s performance. It can be said that the student’s high-quality learning and performance mainly depends on the teaching methodology of the educator.

In Pakistan, it has been identified that the most widely used teaching technique is grammar-translation within educational institutions. This is also well known as the classical method of teaching English. Rahman (2020) defines the translation method as translating the target language or English into the mother tongue. This method within the country creates a positive and negative impact on the students. For instance, this method is helpful to handle a class with a large number of students, and thus, everyone can understand the concept and therefore learn from them (Yasmin & Sohail, 2018). A precise picture of things makes the learning process easier and thus positively influences the performance of the learners. On the other hand, the negative impact can be lack of interaction as only teachers speak in the class and thus the students can leave behind in interaction. Also, when the main emphasis is on grammar, it becomes difficult to involve the students mentally in the language learning process (Koonj et. al. 2020)

Another strategy that is attempted within the institutions is the direct method. This teaching method positively affects the students as this makes language learning enjoyable. This method creates a bond between the word and the meaning. The direct way also invites the students’ participation, which increases alertness in the learning process. This will allow the student to express themselves in the English language only and without combining the words of their native language.

Several Pakistani’s English language teaching or learning issues or shortcomings

In Pakistan, it can be said that the students have been taught most of the subjects in the English language. They also learnt this language from school to University. Still, some reasons and issues become obstacles for the students and the other individuals in speaking English fluently. English is the primary language in Pakistan, and the inability to communicate in this language can constantly remind an individual of their poor social status or rank (Hassan, Kazi & Asmara Shafqat, 2020). This emphasizes the learning for teaching issues or some shortcomings in the English language acquisition within Pakistan.

For example, it can be said that some English language instructors within the country are not well versed in the topic. This is because there are very few teacher training programs in Pakistan. The educator’s ineffective education leads to a lack of understanding of new strategies. Most of the students are entirely dependent and reliable on teachers to acquire language learning (Yasmin & Sohail, 2018).

The incompetency of teachers creates a negative impact on the learning of students as well. Apart from this, the instructors do not encourage the students to be attentive towards this language even after school time (Hassan, Kazi & Asmara Shafqat (2020). Another issue can be the wrong or inappropriate grading policy. In this regard, it can be said that this language should be acquired and learnt to utilize the knowledge and develop competencies instead of just getting the passing grade. As a result, students thus are graded only on the capability of communicating effectively (Yasmin & Islam, 2018). It does not assess the competency of the individual.

Shortage of teachers can also be a reason for the shortcomings. For some students, a bad study environment can be a reason for learning the language. A study environment plays a significant role in learning or acquiring a language. Their relevant or disturbing environment can narrow the learning process of the study. Moreover, if the strength of a class is high, it will become difficult for the assessor or educators to get equal attention. Thus the strength of the class can create a lot of problems in learning the language.

If the strength is higher, the students will get divided attention in the class and not focus properly. Hence, teachers are responsible for managing the class’s high strength and providing equal attention to every student in this situation (Jonasson & Afshari, 2018). Mainly, encouragement and motivation are required for the students to gain their attention and concentration in the language class. There is a need to create enthusiasm regarding learning this language as it is necessary for every sector in Pakistan (Koonj et. al. 2020). Every business enterprise of the nation uses this language for communication, whether it is oral or written. English is required in Pakistan to work in a business organization or any other venture. The individuals need to know the English language to write emails or deal with the clients and other stakeholders.

The Influence of English Language Learning on Pakistani students

Over the past few years, the role of English language learning and teaching has grown in prominence throughout the nation (Iqbal, Aftab & Azhar, 2019). With the knowledge gained from this language, the Pakistani students are becoming more attentive. It can be said that this is positively contributing to their overall career enhancement. The students are getting better exposure to the language, which will indeed prove helpful in their upcoming career and progress. With this, the employability skills are increasing, and the chances of being employed in a well-reputed organization or even starting a venture are rising. This will help the students in enabling International cooperation and collaboration. It will become easier to connect with people from different nations easily (Yates et. al. 2019).

In the country, it has been identified that there is a lack of systematic analysis regarding the need for English. The major drivers which enhance the need for this language in the country are political gains, economic gains and social-economic profile. As recognised above, Pakistan is a multicultural and multilingual society.

The linguistic map of the country is pretty complicated with different languages. Two major distinct systems of education can be explained in terms of the medium of instruction involving Urdu medium and English medium (Turan & Akdag-Cimen, 2020). The English medium schools cater to the upper class and some sections of middle-class students. These are privately owned institutes. However, Urdu medium schools are mainly public sector and state institutions that cater to the lower-income group.

Recommendations

Based on the analysis mentioned earlier, the key recommendation is that English language teachers within the nation must be adequately trained. It is considered a core and essential language rather than just a subject. When the teachers and educators consider it significant for the professional and personal development of the students, the interests of the learners will automatically increase. In addition to this, although it has been identified that the country considers the English language as its language rather than the foreign one, the curriculum should be re-visited. This is re-deigned in a way to align with the needs of English language learning with an aim to develop language competency (Asif,  Afzal & Bashir, 2020).

School is the base or foundation for acquiring this language for the students within Pakistan. This is the place where the student can obtain this language in a proper manner. Thus this becomes the responsibility of the teachers to create a positive and motivating environment. The teachers can promote all four skills of the students: reading, writing, listening and speaking. This language has become essential in every sector of the nation, and thus these four skills have become vital to attain. Therefore, the school administration can encourage the teachers to use this language to communicate in the classroom and at home (Kalsoom, Soomro & Pathan, 2020). The development of the teachers is the central aspect within the country that requires improvement. Another action needed for the language policy within Pakistan is to clarify the choices of medium instructions and the status of administrative and official languages. For this, the Urdu and English languages need to go side-by-side.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be further concluded that learning the English language has become a priority. The paper discloses the review of the consideration of the English language in various sectors in Pakistan. The assignment reveals the importance of the English language in Pakistan. It states that it is essential for the country to switch to the English language as it provides an opportunity to gain better grades and ensure the success of a career and attainment of future goals. Also, Pakistan is a multilingual country, and therefore, code-switching and language switching is quite common phenomenon. The assignment also demonstrates the significant roles a teacher play in learning and studying the English language to the students. The two primary teaching methods elaborated in the project are grammar-translation and direct methods. The standard method used in the Pakistani educational institutions for teaching English is grammar-translation. It has several advantages and helps the students in their potential of reading comprehension. This teaching technique leaves a better impact and influence on the students in Pakistan.

Based on the analysis, there have been several teaching and learning issues, and the nation has found shortcomings. These are in terms of lack of training to English language instructor, lack of motivation in the students and negative Ambience of learning. All the deficiencies affect the overall performance and understanding of the student. In this context, several recommendations have been mentioned in providing required training to the teachers, encouragement by the School Administration and formulation of language policy.

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