XY2010 Immunology Assignment Sample
Here’s the best sample of XY2010 Immunology Assignment, written by the expert.
Introduction
Clinical therapeutic antibodies are generated against a specific type of antigen in cancer cells to induce adaptive immunity which might be extended beyond the targeted antigen. Therapeutic antibodies help in recognizing and binding antigen receptors for activating or inhibiting a series of biological processes for the blockage of cancer cell growth or to trigger the immune system (Lu, et al., 2020). In recent years, the use of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies has been increased massively for treatment purposes. Monoclonal antibodies are considered clinical therapeutic antibodies as it is laboratory made proteins that imitate the immune system to fight pathogens. This essay is based on clinical therapeutic antibodies. Considering clinical therapeutic antibodies as the broader topic area, this study focuses on understanding the application of monoclonal antibodies as clinical therapeutic antibodies in the treatment of cancer.
Main body
In recent years, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have become the fastest growing class of drugs that are used in the treatment of a wide range of applications like cancer or autoimmune diseases. The monoclonal antibodies have become a major successful tool in medicine that helps in precising the clinical manipulation of the immune system (Suzuki, et al., 2015). The antibodies are found to be effective in treatment as well as prevention of organ transplant rejection. While the control over autoimmune disease to manage the immune system of a human being is also a considerable application of monoclonal antibodies. Autoimmune disease is defined as a type of disease in which the human immune system mistakenly attacks the human body. In simpler words, the ability of the immune system to fight pathogens is improved under the influence of clinical therapeutic antibodies.
The therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are majorly applied in the treatment of cancer. However, the type of clinical therapeutic antibodies is also applied for the treatment of autoimmune disease, asthma, poisoning, substance abuse, viral infections, and septicaemia. The application of monoclonal antibodies for cancer are designed in a way that binds with antigens which are more in number on the surface of cancer cells in comparison to healthy cells. According to Rodgers & Chou (2016), the immune system of human beings is made upon a complex scenario. The immune system works by detecting and destroying the disease causing agents like viruses, bacteria. Along with this, the immune system’s function also involves the elimination of damaged cells like cancer cells. Under the mechanism of the immune system, the destruction of invaders is mainly executed with the use of antibodies. The monoclonal antibodies are involved in mimicking the immune system’s attack on cells to restore and enhance the ability of the immunity system. The application of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies is segregated into certain areas based on the functional capabilities (Santos, et al., 2018). Flagging cancer cells, triggering cell membrane destruction, prevention of blood vessel growth, blockage of immune system inhibitors, direct attack of cancer cells, delivery of radiation based treatment, chemotherapy, and binding of cancer and immune cells are the functional areas of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.
Certain immune system cells are dependent on the antibodies to locate the target of an attack. With the influence of monoclonal antibodies, the cancer cells coated by monoclonal antibodies are easy to detect and target for destruction purposes. Destroying the outer wall of cancer cells is also done through monoclonal antibodies by triggering the immune system or cell membrane (Demlová, et al., 2016). In cancer patients, the growth of cancer cells is a major concern to treat the disease. For such areas, the application of monoclonal antibodies is made to reduce the cell growth as well as the survival of cancer patients. In simpler words, the connection between cancer cells and proteins promotes the growth of cells which is prohibited by the application of the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Another application of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies is the control over the growth of cancerous or malignant tumours. The cancerous tumours require a blood supply to grow as well as survive on the human body. In this regard, the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies’ function involves the blockage of protein cell interactions that can develop new blood vessels around the cancerous tumour.
The controlled function of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies also involves the overactive nature of the immune system that makes proteins and control the activity of immune system cells. Under the process, monoclonal antibodies interfere to ensure the immune system cells are functional to work without having control over the cancer cells. The delivery of radiation treatment to a cancer patient is also influenced by the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (Zahavi & Weiner, 2020). This is because the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are capable of developing a connection with cancer cells for engineering the treatment through radiation therapy. The process of applying the antibodies in radiation involves combining the antibodies with small radioactive particles for the transportation of radiation treatment to the cancer cells and minimising the effect of radiation on other healthy cells. Similarly, it is also applied in chemotherapy for combining with the chemotherapy drug to avoid the adverse impact on the healthy cells. Although, the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are considered to have major implications in the treatment of cancer it also leaves out certain side effects on the human body (Kimiz-Gebologlu, et al., 2018). The side effects are segregated into two categories based on the intensity of side effects. The common side effects of therapeutic antibodies involve diarrhoea, skin rashes, low blood pressure, vomiting, nausea, allergic reactions, and other flu like symptoms. On the other hand, the long term or serious side effects of monoclonal antibodies involve infusion reactions, heart problems, lung problems, skin problems, and bleeding.
Conclusion
It is concluded that the use of clinical therapeutic antibodies has emerged as a major dimension for applying in the treatment of cancer as well as other diseases like autoimmune diseases. The type of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies is produced in a laboratory. The therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are engineered in a way that mimics the immune system to increase function and protect from the growth of cancer cells.
References
Demlová, R., Valík, D., Obermannová, R., & ZDRAŽILOVÁ-DUBSKÁ, L. (2016). The safety of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies: implications for cancer therapy including immuno-checkpoint inhibitors. Physiological research, 1(1), 65.
Lu, R., Hwang, Y., Liu, I., Lee, C., Tsai, H., Li, H., & Wu, H. (2020). Development of therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of diseases. Journal of biomedical science, 27(1), 1-30.
Rodgers, K., & Chou, R. (2016). Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and derivatives: Historical perspectives and future directions. Biotechnology advances, 34(6), 1149-1158.
Santos, M., Quintilio, W., Manieri, T., Tsuruta, L., & Moro, A. (2018). Advances and challenges in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies drug development. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(1), 54.
Suzuki, M., Kato, C., & Kato, A. (2015). Therapeutic antibodies: their mechanisms of action and the pathological findings they induce in toxicity studies. Journal of toxicologic pathology, 28(3), 133-139.
Zahavi, D., & Weiner, L. (2020). Monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy. Antibodies, 9(3), 34.
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