Assignment Sample on ARES40270 Animal Health Disease control and Surveillance

1.   Introduction and background  

Introduction

  • Surveillance of animal health is defined as systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of welfare data from specific populations.
  • Health surveillance is important because it is used to monitor trends of disease that facilitate control over the infection.

Different health care organizations implemented several types of strategies to save animals and their lives by considering a few protocols that are going to be discussed in this study.

  • Prevention and control of animal diseases are a significant concern to improve food safety and security while maintaining biodiversity.
  • The aim of the study is to examine pathogen infectious cycles for animal health, disease control, and surveillance.

Effective monitoring and prevention of animal disease is vital for the nation’s economy and ensuring the safety of the food supply. The pathogen is the potential for the cause of the disease, and it spreads the infection through different stages. The study sheds its light on the importance of infectious cycles and the evaluation of successful strategies to reduce the burden of animal diseases.

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Background

  • Implementation of effective surveillance to control animal health and disease helps to build a healthy nature for the people.
  • Effects of animal disease have been seen in the human body and most of the diseases come from animals.

Taking care of animal health indirectly increases sustainability of the human body.

Several types of steps are taken in society to control health issues of animals that sick animals are segregated to reduce infection.

  • Animal health and disease control reduce animal death and suffering by reducing the transmission of bacterial diseases.
  • The scientists estimate that “more than 6 out of 10” human infectious diseases are mainly spread from animals (Sienget al. 2021).

In this scenario, understanding the infectious cycle of pathogens is important to reduce the spread while adopting successful techniques and strategies.

2.   Discussion of the importance of infectious cycles

  • As cited by Ting et al. (2021), pathogens completely depend on their population to ensure their ability to survive in the human body.

Infectious agents include viruses, bacteria, and fungi that affect the human body. Smallpox is specifically virulent that exposes all people and tuberculosis bacillus affects a small number of the population who suffers from a weak immune system. The reservoir can be a person, soil, plant, arthropod, animal, and combination of these who are considered as the agents of infectious disease.

  • All these reservoirs are single and multiple in numbers and it initiates transmission to susceptible hosts however understanding the nature of these agents is necessary to prevent spread of numerous diseases.

Reservoir helps pathogens to sustain their existence in cells and blood, urinary tracts, and gastrointestinal exists in human reservoirs. Different types of disease spread through human activities that help to allow infection in the human body from animals. Human body is to be taken care of by reduction of animal health issues because humans are able to take initiatives to take care of their health issues and animals have no such infrastructure to improve their health Infectious cycles.

  • As per the opinion of Jefferson et al. (2020), a large number of funds are invested in the healthcare industry to spread awareness about animal health issues that affect the ecosystem.

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Prioritizing animal health requires infectious cycle understanding to implement strategies to enhance healthcare programs. Animal health is managed by stakeholders of healthcare society and this cycle helps to give complete knowledge about this issue.

  • As cited by Sexton et al. (2020), SARS Covid 2 dynamic transmission led guidelines from the organization of World health, CDC, and health care authorities.

Potential transmission directly contacts with droplet transmission. COVID-19 disease has also spread through transmission from animals and it is hard to identify living droplets because these are made with small particles that are not visible without effective instruments. Indirect contact with animals causes different types of diseases and it is necessary to prevent those issues by taking care of global creatures.

  • Understanding infection of animals prevents scarcity of spreading viruses and removes all types of agents from the body.

People are able to lift a healthy life through this process and the infectious cycle plays a vital role in the decision making of these types of activities. Timely identification of viruses reduces their effects in the environment and the infectious cycle helps to identify agents that are used to prepare strategies to mitigate health issues among animals and human bodies.

  • As opined by Murray et al. (2018), a portal of entry and exit is ensured by infectious chains that are used to make effective decisions regarding human responsibilities to mitigate issues.

Spreading a virus affects the global economy by increasing healthcare expenses; however, the infectious cycle reduces its impact on the environment. Changing weather and ecosystem has affected the growth of companies and it is hard to maintain virus awareness in society.

  • Infectious cycles are used to make appropriate decisions to prevent animal health care issues.

Animal infectious diseases are the global concern for the transmission of different infectious agents in animal bodies. In epizootiology, infectious diseases are mainly observed in producing animals and create a devastating impact on disease spreading (Brown and Nading, 2019). Effective improvement of the animal management system and disease control can reduce and eradicate the cases through proper strategies and techniques.

  • The increased cases reduced productivity and created a severe impact on the mortality and morbidity rate of both humans and animals.

According to the view of Barratt et al. (2019), pathogens are the key source for the spread of animal diseases and the transmission of pathogens severely affects animal health. Multiplication and invasion of pathogenic microbes lead to infection and different types of pathogenic organisms are closely linked with diseases, for instance, protists, bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

  • As opined by Yildiz et al. (2019), mosquitoes, flies, and other worms spread the transmission of diseases and eventually spread the disease in the animal body.

The pathogens can be transmitted through different ways that include water, direct contact, or air and also through other mechanisms. Animal pathogens include, “foot and mouth disease”, heartwater, Avian Influenza, African Horse Sickness, and so on. Understanding the life cycle of the pathogen is important to reduce animal disease through effective control and reducing transmission. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a significant disease of animals that critically affects the cloven-hoofed animals, mainly camels, buffaloes, cattle, deer, sheep, goats, and pigs (Blacksell et al. 2019). In South America, Africa, Middle East Asia, this disease is commonly observed and this created a significant impact on reducing production by affecting livestock products.

  • The key seven stereotypes of the virus include, “A, O, C. SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia 1” and it is subdivided into 60 more strains.

FMD is a significant viral disease that rapidly spreads between different animals through saliva, breath, milk, mucus, and faces. As opined by Bekele et al. (2018), the virus is abominated by these animals at least four days before the clinical signs appear and it is impacted through ingestion, inhalation, and direct contact. It is most commonly spread by the motion and gazing of infected animals and impacted sheep are the key source of infection. The virus of FMD is easily spread through grass, hair, wool, and straw by mud and wind. Pigs are further considered as the “amplified hosts” As they uphold a large number of viruses through an exhaled breath. The virus of the disease is crucial and even after apparent recovery, this virus is carried for a long time (Bonilla-Aldana et al. 2020).  The virus rapidly spreads from one animal to another, and it survives below four degrees Celsius.

The virus of FMD is injurious for both adult and young animals and the outbreak of the disease also creates an impact on biodiversity. As opined by Ibarra et al. (2018), this is a severely contagious disease and deeply affected the animals creating a significant economic impact. The life cycle of the pathogen is evolving through a circular way by the saliva and breath while gazing and accumulating. In adult animals, the mortality rate is comparatively lower than the younger animals and the incubation period stays two to fourteen days. The clinical signs can be mild or severe and the frequent symptoms include loss of appetite, a drop in milk production, growth retardation, depression, fever, and hypersalivation (Roth and Sandbulte, 2021). Myositis can also be observed in different sites and the development of the blisters can cause the death of animals due to “multifocal myocarditis”.

3.   Evaluation of successful strategies

  • Microbial contamination and livestock health is now badly affected through different types of disease and it needs a good amount of preventive.

In this context, avoid grazing and adoption of contagious disease based vaccination make a beneficial impact on animal’s health. Adjuvant based treatment and injection of artificial antibodies also make some positive sounds on livestock’s health. In this context, thermal radiation, air movement, humidity and contact with surfaces make good area in development of animal’s health.

  • Proper diagnosis is an important factor through implementing different strategies and techniques to reduce animal disease for health control and maintaining biodiversity.

According to the view of Sharma et al. (2020), animal diseases and pathogens can be suspected through these clinical signs while FMS cannot be properly distinguished from other diseases. Initial control and measurement are taken by different organizations with the presence of early detection and it is critically mentioned in “Global Foot and Mouth Disease Control Strategy ”.

  • As cited by Bonilla-Aldana et al. (2020), livestock and their health is now protected through different vaccination and medical treatment that help to develop cell development with effective medical intervention.

Segregated health diseases of animals make a sick environment in the body systems and this case, micro pathogens and their involvement make a critical issue in body systems. In this context, “Livestock health and disease control scheme” helps to develop a good amount of medical treatment in the contaminate disease and its virulence factors.

  • Pathogens and pathogenesis of microbial culture also make a negative impact on livestock health.

Through the help of infection control standards and effective treatment therapy, the contingency is greatly controlled. On the other hand, quarantine and prophylaxis of livestock also need to be controlled through medical sciences. Fundamental process to register the diseases in livestock includes some crucial steps with great effectiveness.

  • These are the exclusion of microbial pathogens, eradication of hosts, and a good amount of protection with medicine and health care.

As well as it also includes disease resistance factors with help of different therapy and vaccination. As per the opinion of Minghui et al. (2018), avoiding insect-based vectors and weed vectors also need good care of medical attendance of Livestock. Furthermore, the ethnic-therapeutic model of treatment is the advanced technology that helps to make good health care for animals. In this same context, developed antibiotics treatment with effective vector helps to control treatment help to develop successful strategies in animal health care management.

  • Prevention of disease and control of a lot of pathogens entry into the animal body is the prime step in surveillance.

Determination of biogeography to identify various types of biotic and nonbiotic factors is directly connected with animal health care which process combinations to produce specific patterns for distribution of infectious disease. Biogeography and topography intersect between the disciplines of human beings however following proper schedule to leave daily life to reduce infectious diseases.

  • Agents of viruses live in living creatures’ cells and most cases; they get their lives through the animal body and spread their population throughout the world by spreading viruses.

As cited by Tacconelli et al. (2018), national and international authorities evaluated diseases of human infection and nonhuman species and their contribution gave complementary and normal range insights on temporal patterns that diseases occur. A large number of animals lost their lives due to a lack of Shelters organizations to provide shelter to animals. As opined by Collignon and McEwen (2019), animal dealers were influenced because a large number of people prefer to buy animals from pet shops; however, it is a criminal approach. In pet shops animals are not grown with healthy activities and there is a lot of chance for infections.

  • As cited by Sieng et al. (2021), understanding the characteristics of FMD are important to implement different strategies and reduce the causes of spreading.

Keeping a clean environment and planting trees to produce more oxygen has to provide a healthy atmosphere for breathing that animals are able to live without any harmful diseases. Donations for animals are one of the most effective strategies to sustain their existence on the planet. The interpretation of proper control and effective surveillance is required to reduce the prevalence of the disease through different monitoring and warning systems. Control and monitoring of these infectious diseases vary from one nation to another and it is critically dependent on the epidemiological situation of these binders.

  • The key responsibilities of limestone owners are significant to maintain sound biodiversity through effective practices and control.

As influenced by Barratt et al. (2019), effective control of sound biodiversity through monitoring animal gazing and identifying different diseases are important to prevent the spreading of the virus. Control over the access of livestock and equipment and monitoring of new animals in herds are primary strategies to control disease prevention.

  • Reporting and monitoring of the illness, effective disposal of dead carcasses and manure are important strategies to reduce the spread of this virus.

Besides, regular cleaning and proper monitoring are key ways to prevent the infection and spread of the virus from one animal to another (Perry et al. 2020). Contingency planning and identification of clinical signs and elements are fundamental techniques to reduce infectious diseases.

  • In the words of Blacksell et al. (2019), strict control and quarantine of the movement of infected elements should be the prime concern of the stock manager.

Effective prevention of animal diseases is important to enhance security in the food supply chain and it is beneficial for both animal and human health. Effective infectious elements from different materials and premises are important to ensuring the security of other animals on the farm.

  • Proper guidance, effective control, surveillance, and appropriate disposal of infected animal products and caresses are important to eradicate the disease.

Based on the pathogen situation, vaccination strategies are beneficial that achieve mass coverage through identifying animal subpopulations (Brown and Nading, 2019). Vaccination and effective campaigns should be monitored and scheduled for increasing immunity and reducing the spread of the virus.

  • FMD is considered as the animal epidemic and it should be mitigated through proper vaccination process and maintenance of different protocols and strategies.

As opined by Yildiz et al. (2019), vaccination campaigns can boost animal immunity in the short possible time and it can reduce almost 80% spread of the disease. This program should be carried out in a target population and proper tracing and surveillance can reduce this virus infection. Effective reporting of illness, regular cleaning, and proper disposal of manure with controlling new animals in the firm are key important. Therefore, these strategies and techniques are important to reduce the disease impact with proper control, monitoring, and reporting.

4.   Conclusion

  • The discussion has had to draw a conclusion that animal disease is a big issue to control the environment and that it is necessary to take appropriate strategies to mitigate this type of activity.

This study has mentioned several types of strategies that are used to promote awareness about animal health and diseases which directly impact human health care. International therefore it has privatized animal health and influenced them to use available resources to contribute to animal healthcare. Multiple stakeholders are engaged in stupid networks that help to surveillance about animal health care. It is an essential role of the livestock industry and it contributes to the wellbeing of the environment and public health.

  • Promotion of health care of animals has two criteria that are caused and the other one is effectiveness.

These surveillance objectives private eyes each disease examination and make strategies by experts to control those viruses. Experts have provided guidelines to society that activities reduced new virus effects in the animal body.

  • Animals have several types of places that they interact with different kinds of virus bacteria and other agents who carry viruses that it is necessary to monitor every creature to mitigate their health issues.

After globalization spread of diseases that are in fictitious areas are ignored and risk emerging with gents has risen. Evaluation of available theories of pathogens and infectious diseases has helped to draw a conclusion to follow disciplines that are going to help to overcome this type of struggle.

  • Based on the above discussion it can be concluded that effective control of animal disease is an important concern to maintain sound biodiversity and securing the food supply chain.

It further reduces the mortality and morbidity of animals while reducing several animals transmitted health diseases. The study critically described the life cycle of the pathogen of Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and its circular process of spreading.

  • Each partner clears significant economic impact by affecting the production of life stocks and jeopardizing international and national trade.

The disease is circulated across the global livestock population in different areas of South America, Asia, and Africa. Several prevention programs are taken by the organization to reduce the threat of animal diseases and secure the food supply chain. Effective vaccination and campaigns programs are taken to reduce this disease through proper surveillance and monitoring.

  • As opined by Bonilla-Aldana et al. (2020), different zones and compartments of animal farms are affected by this disease and in this case, warning systems and early detection are important.

The life stickers take different responsibilities for proper monitoring with implementing different strategies and techniques. The study has properly elaborated the successful strategies and ways to reduce this global burden by increasing safety and security in the food supply chain. It is considered as the “OIE listed disease” and these effective controls can maintain proper diversity. The transmission and spread are overcome through these strategies with identifying clinical signs and early prevention process.

References

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Blacksell, S.D., Siengsanan-Lamont, J., Kamolsiripichaiporn, S., Gleeson, L.J. and Windsor, P.A., 2019. A history of FMD research and control programs in Southeast Asia: lessons from the past informing the future. Epidemiology & Infection, 147. Available at:https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/history-of-fmd-research-and-control-programmes-in-southeast-asia-lessons-from-the-past-informing-the-future/D71DBC06E80129282F3BA08A209827B1

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