BSS062-6 Managing Modern Healthcare Organisations Assignment Sample
BSS062-6 Managing Modern Healthcare Organisations Assignment Sample
Introduction
Pandemics are large-scale outbreaks of contiguous disease which increase morbidity and mortality worldwide that cause significant economic, social, and political chaos. The likelihood of the pandemic has increased in past decades due to increased global travel, urbanisation, integration, changing behaviour in land use, and most importantly high exploitation of the natural environment. These trends continuously increase and become intensified (Madhav, 2017 Cheah, 2022). Hence, it creates the need for proper documentation and policies to control the emergence of the outbreak which may drive the pandemic. There is also a need to sustain investment for effective preparedness and health infrastructure. International agencies made significant progress to prepare and mitigate pandemic impacts.
The 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) pandemic emerge which create a risk of avian influenza, HIV/AIDS, and most recently the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak. Late reporting of SARS cases influence World Health Assembly to make International Health Regulations (IHR) to integrate all member states of the World Health Organisation (WHO) to address specific standards to identify, report, and respond to epidemic outbreaks (Bleser, 2023). The IHR framework established a systematic approach to coordinate an international response to the 2009 influenza pandemic. In addition to this, global donors also start to invest to improve preparedness by making updated standards and investing to build health capacity.
However, this preparedness’s not sufficient and still, there are challenges and gaps in existing global pandemic preparedness. For example, the growth to address IHR standards is still uneven and many developing countries struggling to meet even the basic requirements of this regulation. After the emergence of IHR, there were many outbreaks happened for example, in 2014 Ebola epidemic in West Africa exposed the challenges and gaps in timely reporting the cases, facility of basic care, contact tracing, isolation, quarantine, and infrastructure of healthcare facilities (Victor, 2020). These gaps majorly exist in resource-limited environments which create threats to the local epidemic with an advanced impact that may happen during a global epidemic.
A pandemic refers to ‘an epidemic that happens over the comprehensive area, spread worldwide and affects a huge number of people and groups at the same time’. Hence, pandemics mostly evaluate through their geographical area instead of illness severity (Teixeira et. al. 2019). For example, as opposed to the yearly seasonal influenza epidemic, pandemic influenza describes as the emergence of a new influenza virus that spread worldwide and most people do not have such strong immunity to face it. In such a situation, effective management, timely response, and robust healthcare policy or infrastructure are needed. The present report describes the challenges of the pandemic outbreak Covid-19 because it is the most recent outbreak and has significant disruption worldwide (Hale et. al. 2021). The following describes the challenges of Covid-19 in the healthcare sector:
Challenges
Poor infrastructure: Global outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic bring revolutionary disruption as thousand of people seeks medical facilities at the same time, and no one country is prepared to handle such a crowd (Hossain et. al. 2019). Developed countries that have more improved infrastructure also face challenges to provide medical services, so developing countries could not able to attend to all patients. Poor healthcare infrastructure and lack of medicines, equipment, and human resources increase mortality and morbidity worldwide.
Challenges on leadership and management: People were fighting with each other to acquire medical services and they see they’re loved ones die which was devastating for them and makes them aggressive. In such a situation, leaders and managers of hospitals play a crucial role to manage such a huge crowd. For example, National Health Services (NHS) in the UK make a great job and assure people that they get all required medical services (Paltiel, 2021). On the other hand, WHO often releases guidelines for both clinical and non-clinical leaders and managers to handle the situation wisely and patiently. However, in most, the developing nations leader and managers in healthcare are not able to overcome these challenges due to poor infrastructure and a lack of resources.
Associated health problems: Covid-19 act as a catalyst especially with poor immunity. It increases patients’ dependency on medical services and hospitals, and doctors and nurses were not able to attend to other health problems in such chaos. People who suffer from Covid-19 were also struggling with kidney disease, respiratory problems, heart issues, and other ortho-related issues.
Therefore, the pandemic leads to high morbidity and mortality which is not only critical for the healthcare sector but also, disrupts economic, political, and social areas (Al‐Thaqeb et. al. 2022). The present report discusses the importance of information systems and electronic health records (EHR) in healthcare and the role of leadership and management to address these challenges by recommending appropriate leadership theories. The aims and objectives of this report are:
Aim
The primary aim of this report is to critically discusses and recommend for management of the pandemic to address healthcare policy and leadership theories. Further, the report aims to highlight the importance of EHR and IS in healthcare sectors.
Objectives
- To evaluate the gaps and challenges that exist in global pandemic preparedness and evaluate external factors that impact the preparedness for the epidemic.
- To analyse the role of information security and electronic health records in the healthcare sector.
- To recommend management and leadership theories to the managers and leaders of healthcare and address pandemic healthcare policies.
Analysis and recommendations
The covid-19 pandemic outbreak is the biggest epidemic outbreak in the twenties and no one has an idea about pandemic guidelines and health policies are not that level updated which is required during the outbreak. However, there are health policies in all countries but not advanced and able to cover all aspects of Covid-19 (Moloney and Moloney, 2020). World Health Organisation developed international reporting, preparedness, and collaboration techniques for different responses of government. However, the global healthcare system is fragmented due to the pandemic outbreak which leads to WHO building guidelines and health protocols. Moreover, all countries also developed their own health policies which are classified as REAL policies (Nittayasoot, 2021). Most of the policies aimed to respond to public health (25.3), healthcare delivery (16.5), health infrastructure and supplies (14.8), and 15.4 % HR policies. Moreover, epidemiological surveillance (4.4), and healthcare management policies (9.9) are also developed.
Different countries make different healthcare policies in the above-mentioned area however, the implementation reports are not published by any health institutions. Other than healthcare policies, the US government established a third-party payer system of healthcare which means health insurance plan reimburses doctors for the cost of their services for patients. The US used a combined system of public and private insurance. Similar services are provided by European nations to their people and other countries as well (Bautista-Gonzáleza, 2020). However, the main question is about implementation which is not reported by any nation or any healthcare institutions. Healthcare policies and their aims are robust but the implementation is not expected due to many external conditions. The following are conducting PESTLE analysis about healthcare policies to identify the reason for the unexpected implementation of healthcare policies.
Evaluations through the PESTLE model
Political factors: WHO makes several healthcare policies and also influences their member states to make effective policies to handle the situation. However, policymaking can be an easy process but the implementation is not because it requires proper infrastructure, and financial, technical, and human resources, and these policies affect hospitals, doctors, and nurses by increasing their workloads (Houtan et. al. 2020). In order to escape from resistance and save their political position, most countries are not willing to implement in actual form and tend to mold as per their convenience (Woo, 2020). For example, in the UK, there are three prime minister changes within three to four years. In such uncertain political conditions, the government chooses to stay neutral and control resistance. In the UK, the entire health infrastructure solely depends on NHS and its policies with minimal interference from the government.
In another example, the US government proposed a new health policy but the proposal face strong resistance from those who benefit from old policies and the resistance group includes high-income patients who want the healthcare system only caters to their interest (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2023). Hence, high-income groups influence the government to limit policy implementation.
Economic factors: As earlier mentioned that there are high-cost of policy implementation as it requires technical infrastructure, HR services, professionals’ guidance, and a significant amount of government aid (Hasselgren et. al. 2020). During the outbreak, most of the small companies have to shut down their business, and big companies face high losses. Economies are going into recession and in such a situation, policy implementation is a very costly move that affects the proper implementation process. Moreover, economic recession creates hurdles for the preparedness of health policy to control the outbreak in future epidemics.
Social factors: During the pandemic thousand and millions of people get affected at the same time, and all people seeks medical services and policy benefits. If health policies implement in some nations, then there is a cut-throat competition to take advantage of policies that disrupt the appropriate implementation (Jones et. al. 2021). Moreover, in such chaos, hospital management and leadership are also not able to handle the situation and people get aggressive in most countries. Thus, social resistance and high competition create barriers to the effective implementation of health policies and preparedness of health services for future epidemic episodes.
Technological factors: Covid-19 pandemic begin in China and then spread worldwide through travelling and contact with affected persons. Thus, WHO and countries worldwide make health policies to control the situation which includes contact tracing, reporting of the cases, death reporting, data on recovery, and so on. These operations can do through the use of advanced technologies and effective data analytical processes. However, poor infrastructure, lack of technological development, and expert skills, adversely affect the implementation of health policies and future preparedness (Kenwick and Simmons, 2020). There are also some cases where countries make cyberattacks on developed countries’ health data to theft their models and illegal interruptions. Thus, the US government implement the HIPPA model to protect healthcare data. Thus, other countries should also make such protective provisions.
Legal factors: Policies are designed by complying with legal requirements and aligning with legal ways. However, the pandemic outbreak is very uncertain and no one is prepared to handle such a huge outbreak. Thus, the immediate response to every country is to make health policies and control the pandemic. Quick policy-making and implementation processes are not possible in terms of its legality which creates serious challenges to its implementation and also future preparedness (Faria-e-Castro, 2021). The legal entity takes time to review the policy and give their feedback which consumes a lot of time and there was no scope of time due to so much chaos in health sectors. In order for future preparedness, countries have to make their legal infrastructure strong which should respond quickly in emergency situations.
Environmental factors: Healthcare policy includes several things mentioned above like healthcare services, public health, infrastructure, supplies, and increase availability of medical services to low- and medium-income groups. Such wide implementation increases biowaste and exploits environmental resources (Zhang et. al. 2020). Other than that, WHO policies are for the global community which not directly harms the environment but indirectly it affects environmental sustainability.
External environmental factors create problems in effective and equitable healthcare deliveries. The covid-19 outbreak is never experiencing an event for people in this generation and thus, no one knows how to handle the pandemic situation. WHO formulates several healthcare guidelines and most countries also prepare healthcare policies but due to disruptive external factors, they cannot implement them expectedly. Moreover, PESTLE factors create challenges that raise a question about the effectiveness of future preparedness.
Efficient implementation of health policies exhibits the potential of that country and health organisation their preparedness for pandemic outbreaks in the future (Kaplan et. al. 2020). There are several external areas that need to improve across the world healthcare sector to handle pandemic preparedness. For example, healthcare policies can make by the government and affiliate medical institutions but the implementation should ensure by front liners like doctors, nurses, and non-clinical leaders and managers of hospitals. Other than that, there are requirements for robust technical infrastructure in healthcare.
Application of information systems
Technological advancements are necessary to adopt to improve existing operations, especially in healthcare where the operations are complex and widely spread. Information system in the healthcare sector is very important to make decisions about patients, hospital development, and global public health. Increased scientific interference in healthcare is crucial for positive changes. World Health Organisation (WHO) reported that professionals with healthcare-associated information can able intelligently and seamlessly integrate public health reforms (Devine et. al. 2021). Effective IS enables hospital leaders and managers to collect, arrange, analyse and implement data in inpatient services.
During the pandemic outbreak, IS works as a blessing in healthcare as doctors and surgeons connect with experts through a technological communication medium, healthcare related information, patients’ numbers, recovering numbers, death cases, and medicines inventories, medical equipment assessments all are done through effective IS. Moreover, doctors in developed nations use robotics and AI tools to attend to high numbers of patients and maximise their medical services (Whitelaw et. al. 2020). In order to ensure the efficient use of IS, hospital authorities and leaders need to use effective data analysation tools to improve their decision-making process.
Electronic Health Records (EHR)
It is one of the most usable and best technology in the healthcare sector which enabled us to make effective decisions for effective patient care and improve public health. EHR is the digital version of patient information that contains real-time patient records (Syuan Wu, 2018). For example, their basic information, medical histories, genetic issues, radiological images, laboratory tests, allergies, medications, immunisation dates, diagnosis, treatment plans, and other details. EHR not only provides patient information but also, facilitates standard clinical data for clinical workers and administration to make future decisions and improve their service delivery.
The most important aspect is that it can share with other healthcare organisations and associate firms like pharmacists, laboratories, emergency facilities, specialists, workplace areas, and medical imaging facilities (Pramling Samuelsson et. al. 2020). Hence, EHR becomes very important in the healthcare sector also for its easy accessibility as it can share through web-enabled devices. The seamless flow of information sharing of EHR encompasses the best healthcare service delivery and ensures progress. Covid-19 patients suffer from other diseases as it is the catalyst of low immunity patients and vulnerable people. In such a situation, EHR saves significant time and effort for doctors to assess patients’ history and also patients’ cost to conduct all tests again.
Therefore, IS and EHR digital tools are vital for the healthcare sector and most importantly during Covid-19 to provide immediate health services and attend to huge numbers of patients at the same time (Leach et. al. 2021). The benefits of IS and EHR during the outbreak are given below:
Establish collaboration: During the pandemic, most specialist hospitals do not provide their expert services and patients have to move to central medical institutions in such a situation, EHR helps to save doctors’ time. For example, an individual who has a respiratory problem and ortho-related issues, which suffer from Covid-19 but he cannot go to their regular doctor for Covid treatment (Vehko et. al. 2019). In such cases, EHR provides complete details of the patients and the doctor also prescribes respective medicines by collaborating with their regular doctors.
Data analytical services and preparedness: There was a flood of patients when the Covid-19 pandemic reached its peak and most of the cases were not reported (Elia et. al. 2021). In such a huge crowd, IS helps the hospital management to record all patient’s data and ensure their positive health through timely follow-ups. Most importantly, patients’ data suffering from the pandemic enabled the healthcare management authority to prepare future strategies to handle similar kinds of problems.
Recommendations through theories and models
Healthcare transformation
In order to handle global epidemics and ensure preparedness, WHO and other international and national healthcare organisation should transform their healthcare sector (Chelladurai and Pandian, 2022). Three general approaches can recommend to healthcare organisations, managers, and leaders:
- Make health task forces to address cross-governmental integration.
- Make a focused program that targets one particular pandemic-related social requirement
- Use the Coronavirus aids, reliefs, and economic security (CARES) act 2020 for funding and addressing social requirements which are also called the ‘one-stop shop’ approach (He al. 2020).
Under healthcare transformation and preparedness for future events, healthcare organisations should learn lessons and consider health policies that were not effectively implement during Covid-19. Thus, healthcare organisations should leverage government executive leadership to make cross-sectoral agency integration, increase health insurance coverage, use the value-based payment to address social needs, and access cross-sector data partnerships to automate the identification of eligible people for policies (Kai et. al. 2020). They should also engage with communities and marginalised populations for implementation of policy, design, and consider health equity to mitigate economic, health, and social inequities.
Healthcare leadership model
Leaders and managers should adopt the healthcare leadership model to improve their leadership qualities by accessing nine dimensions of this model:
Leading with care, sharing the vision, evaluating information, connecting to services, team engaging, influencing results, inspiring shared purpose, holding to account, and developing competencies. Leaders and managers irrespective of their sectors and industries should have these qualities to improve their organisation, employees, and self-development (Elgin et. al. 2020). In the healthcare sector, this model is very crucial as there are several stakeholders and the leader has to manage different sectors, for example, doctors, nurses, and further clinical staff, and also support administrative workers. Thus, the leader should use a 360-degree feedback system to identify their leadership strengths and weaknesses and implement these nine dimensions accordingly. Using a healthcare model enables the leader to the preparedness for crucial events like the Covid-19 pandemic.
Utilisation management model
During the pandemic outbreak, this model is very useful and also for preparedness for epidemic and healthcare policies. This model allows us to take a proactive approach to managing healthcare by legal guidelines. There are several considerable factors in healthcare management, for example, the identification of priorities of the organisation, research to explore the benefits of innovative decisions, and factors that need to address during implementation (Rai and Solanki, 2021). Such evaluations enable managers to determine goals, execution strategies, and future preparedness. Thus, healthcare authorities should use this mode to ensure effective and legal preparedness and collect data to make policies and execution strategies.
Conclusion
The present report concluded that the healthcare sector is very dynamic and complex full of uncertainty. The covid-19 pandemic outbreak is a great example of its uncertainty and dynamics. However, WHO and other healthcare institutions make policies and developed infrastructure but it got failed during the outbreak and it is considered a healthcare crisis that could not be handled by global healthcare systems. Hence, many international and national agencies develop health policies but there are many external elements that create challenges for their effective implementation. The present report evaluates PESTLE factors to assess the scenario of healthcare policy implementation.
Moreover, the importance of information systems and electronic health records is also given in the report which enables the hospital authorities to implement healthcare policies and ensure the best patient care and public health. Other than that, healthcare transformation strategies recommend to healthcare leaders and managers in order to ensure their effective preparedness. With healthcare leadership model and utilisation model also suggests which enable clinical and non-clinical leaders and managers to develop qualities that help to serve better to their patients and enhance their service deliveries to ensure the best public health.
Reflection
The covid-19 pandemic outbreak brings significant disruption across the world, society, economy, politics, and mostly in the healthcare sector. Countries who seriously affected by the pandemic were not able to handle such emergencies which increase mortality and morbidity rates (Wager et. al. 2021). From this discussion, I learn that the healthcare sector is very complex and full of uncertainties exist in this industry. In order to make a career in this sector, it is vital for me to first prepare myself to handle such a crucial and complex situation. It also evolves with the increasing disease, demographical changes, growing aging peoples, and most importantly pandemic outbreaks and their new variants which emerge periodically. I learn about the importance of health policy and the role of international health organisations to control the epidemic situation. However, I learn that there are several external situations that create hurdles in the effective implementation of health policies.
Along with this, I get knowledge about the role and importance of information systems and Electronic Health Records which prove beneficiary for doctors and medical experts during the chaos of the pandemic. They efficiently use advanced tools to ensure the best patient care and save a significant amount of time and effort. Moreover, the optimistic use of advanced technology also enables healthcare leaders and managers to make future strategies and ensure effective preparedness to handle similar kinds of issues and epidemic situations (Hansen and Baroody, 2020). Other than that, I learn about healthcare transformation, the healthcare leadership model, and the utilisation model which should use by healthcare organisations and leaders to improve their service deliveries, patient care, and public health.
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