BSS062-6 Managing Modern Healthcare Organizations
BSS062-6 Managing Modern Healthcare Organizations
Introduction
The Healthcare system becomes complex including public and private health services, chronic, aged care, primary healthcare, and acute in a different context. The entire health system evolving to adopt demographic, societal, and epidemiological changes along with, technological advancement, economic conditions, and environmental and social factors create more complications for global health. Most recently, an outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic and often the emergence of its new variants create a significant burden on the healthcare system and even completely disrupts the initial phase of the outbreak. Patient flow creates bottlenecks and disrupts the treatment process (Jain, 2022). The management of patients across hospitals is known as patient flow. It includes a healthcare team and system which needs at every step from admission to discharge without affecting the quality of healthcare services as it should be highly satisfied. Therefore, it says that the flow of patients through beds in a hospital shows a similar dynamic as the flow of traffic on a road.
In this result, there is an extreme requirement of the non-health players to manage the population and drive innovation. This concept is known as collaborative governance where non-health players and healthcare workers work together to fulfil increased patient flow and meet innovation challenges. The Healthcare sector holds a crucial place in every country and society as it considers basic facilities which should facilitate by the government and medical department of that country (Figueroa et. al. 2019). Hence, healthcare management is a wide area that needs different and expert skills to handle the responsibilities of that position. Working in a healthcare management role is not only about proficiency in leadership, communication, and business, but also, a manager should have a robust background in healthcare, for example, nursing, medicine, and pharmacy. So, they can understand the severity and importance of their actions that can affect entire healthcare which is very crucial for the entire society.
The present report discusses the role of managers and leaders in healthcare to ensure strong public health, meet challenges, and bring innovation. Apart from this, the role of an information system or electronic health records (EHRs) in hospitals and healthcare can use by leaders to enhance their services (Till et. al. 2020). The following are discussing some challenges faced by the healthcare sector:
Challenges in the healthcare sector
Social system: With the increasing population, the aging population and growing burdens of disease are common problems in healthcare facing globally. However, developing countries face demographic and epidemiological transition, their citizens live with common chronic diseases, for example, cancer, which requires health leaders and managers to recognise the need for a robust system in healthcare according to the level of population and patient flow. Countries in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the Caribbean are experiencing growing patient numbers with communicable and non-communicable diseases (Weintraub and McKee, 2019). However, countries with a good infrastructure focus to build strong healthcare systems, raise awareness about health insurance, and bring innovation which can be done under effective management and leadership.
Organisational system: In the hospital or even clinics, human resources management problem is very common which can understand with comprehensive global human resources for a health problem that creates pressure for clinical workers to perform. Healthcare leaders and managers also face operational problems to offer primary health and thus they cannot able to solve highly complicated and changing needs which causes high waste of resources. Thus, effective management and leadership are very important to face such issues.
Individual challenge: Front-lice and middle health managers and leaders are affected by social and organisational challenges which may create conflicting accountability. Some countries have senior health managers with medical backgrounds which may easy for them to efficiently manage the problem (Meyer, 2019). However, on the other side, managers and leaders from non-clinical backgrounds or hybrid managers exist in developing nations. It makes indistinct boundaries in the organisation, increases practice scope, and lack support of an innovative policy which make healthcare manager with undefined roles.
Other than that, patient demographic are another problem that disrupts the patient flow and creates efficient healthcare managers’ and leaders’ needs. Thus, the present report identifies the role of leaders and managers, and EHRs to solve such problems. The aims and objectives of the report are given below:
Aim
The primary aim of this report is to analyse the role of leaders and managers in healthcare along with the role of information systems for leaders to improve healthcare services.
Objectives
- To identify the complexity of the healthcare system and the role of leaders and managers to face such challenges.
- To analyse the use of information systems and electronic health records (EHRs) in healthcare which can use by leaders to improve their deliveries.
- To provide appropriate recommendations by referring to suitable leadership theories and models.
Analysis and Recommendation
Leaders and managers are very important in complex healthcare systems. There are many challenges in healthcare and its evolving with the advancement of technologies, emerging diseases, increasing population, and high dependency on existing infrastructure (Stanley et. al. 2022). Thus, it becomes very difficult to handle such increased patient flow and attend to these challenges while fulfil advanced technological requirements. Therefore, it is important to discuss the role of the information system and then analyse the PESTLE model to provide suitable leadership models to improve deliveries in healthcare.
Application of Information Systems
Information saves lives. It is literally applicable in the healthcare sector. Medical departments, administration, nurses, and doctors who have access to patient and public health data are able to make efficient decisions about healthcare which has a significant impact on global healthcare. Using advanced technology and increased scientific interference in healthcare bring revolutionary changes in healthcare. As per the report of the World Health Organisation, (2022) using healthcare-related information professionals could seamlessly and intelligently integrate healthcare with information technology. Hence, information system in health enables hospitals to collect, sort, store, manage, evaluate, and implement data in patient care.
Doctors and nurses use IS for data-driven decisions by considering several factors of the patient. For instance, rapid use of patient medical history can bring past treatment to light (Chen et. al. 2019). Health IS is also useful in administration and management which can evaluate statistics of several departments or processes to allocate resources. Apart from this, IS also enables healthcare providers to get data about the external environment like social health trends, economic conditions, new political or legal requirements, and so on (Barr and Dowding, 2022). In the healthcare sector, healthcare professionals collect, store, and analyse data to develop wide care plans, improve services, and patient care, and allocate resources.
An information system is very comprehensive and includes advanced technologies, data analysation, AI tools, and many more. In data analysation, an electronic health record is one of the most important streams which mostly used to handle patient flows.
Electronic Health Records (EHR)
Figure 1: Importance of EHRs in healthcare
(Source- RHIA, 2022)
It is the digital version of patient information or paper chart that facilitate patient flow. In other words, it is the real-time patient-centered records that provide instant information about the patient and secure them for authorised users. EHR not only includes patient information and medical history but also, it built a standard clinical data collection system for administration and clinical staff which becomes base of future decision-making and improved patient care. Hence, EHR is important in health IT which includes:
- Patient’s medical history, diagnoses, treatment plans, duration, medications, immunisation dates, medical reports, radiological images, laboratory tests, allergies, and further genetic histories (RHIA, 2022).
- EHR enables to access evidence-based tools that doctors and leaders can use to take patient care decisions.
- It streamlines and automates provider workflow.
EHR health information is built and managed by authorized person in a digital format that is capable to share with another person and also more than one healthcare organisation. EHRs purpose is to share data with healthcare providers and associate firms like medical imaging facilities, pharmacies, emergency facilities, laboratories, specialists, and workplace clinics (De Brún et. al. 2019). Thus, EHR information can access by all clinical involved participants for patient care. Therefore, EHR becomes very important in today’s time where the world has been significantly transformed through digital technology. Web-enabled devices, smartphones, and tablets have brought transformation in daily life and medicine is an information-rich industry, where advanced technological operations are vital. A seamless and great flow of transformation within digital healthcare infrastructure, created by EHRs, leverages and encompasses digital progress and delivery of health services (Pellegrini et. al. 2020). Such advanced technology improved patient care, increase patient participation, improve care coordination, diagnostics & patient result, and also practice efficiencies and cost efficiency.
Other than EHRs there are several benefits of IS in healthcare systems that can leverage by leaders and managers to address social, organisational, and demographical challenges. The following are discussing benefits of IS resources for healthcare leaders and managers:
Figure 2: Role of information system in healthcare
(Source-Online Master of Health Administration, 2020)
Data analytic tools: In the healthcare sector data generation process increasing due to the high growth in the number of patients. These data include surgical volume, patient health trends, insurance claims, billings, length of hospitalisation, cost and revenue related to patient care, and beyond (Online Master of Health Administration, 2020). Leaders and managers who have decision-making authority can use this information to develop patient care strategies, areas of improvement, required resources and appropriate allocations, and other infrastructural development decisions can make. It also enables the solution to the challenges faced by managers and leaders at the organisational and individual levels.
Collaboration with health IS: Most patients need treatment with different healthcare firms. For example, a patient gets a preliminary diagnosis and treatment from primary care doctor and is then referred to go to a specialist. In such a situation, EHRs play a vital role and specialist doctors can easily analyse about patient’s problem from previous information which makes collaborative healthcare seamless (HealthIT. Gov. 2019). Apart from this, IS system contains data about patients and organisational progress, can resolve organisational problems, and give clarity about clinical and non-clinical workers’ role in a healthcare organisation.
Cost control: Leaders and managers are also from a non-clinical background and they are not only responsible for patient care but also, have to manage the entire organisation and other administration works (Zaghini et. al. 2020). Hence, through the data management system, the manager can track patient volume in a different department, and on the basis of patient flow they allocate workers, and other resources to ensure optimal use of financial resources. Thus, leaders can solve organisational challenges by optimistically using EHRs.
Public health management: IS offer different sources to leader and managers to identify community health trends. For example, basic statistical analysis exhibit whether a certain group of the population is prone to diabetes. Recently, the Covid-19 pandemic proved that smartly used health IS enable the strengthening of public health, and offer various technologies and tools to solve cases and track regional outbreaks (Rosario, 2019). Thus, a healthcare leader should use such advanced tools to ensure the public health and face social health challenges.
Information systems and most importantly EHRs are vital in the healthcare system and should be effectively used by managers and leaders to solve organisation and social challenges. Optimistic use of IS and EHRs improves healthcare delivery and makes leadership and management processes easy.
Evaluation using PESTEL
Figure 3: PESTEL analysis
(Source- Frue, 2018)
Analysing IS and EHRs clears that in the healthcare system technological advancement is prevalent and even essential to adopt in order to ensure the best quality care. However, technological development brings positive changes in healthcare but other external factors adversely affect it (Frue, 2018). In such a situation, managers and leaders are responsible to predict such external factors that can create challenges in their hospitals or affect patient care along with secure future growth. The following are providing PESTEL analysis to identify potential elements that affect healthcare and ensure equitable services.
PESTEL Analysis:
Political factor: It includes tax legislation changes, customer protection, employment regulation, and mandates insurance that impact healthcare that comes under the political sphere. For example, in the UK, National Health Services (NHS) manage all healthcare sector but it navigates by political decisions. For example, government spending on public health may affect tax policy (Messineo, 2022). NHS also take advantage of government subsidies and local authority’s support. Political changes affect both positively and negatively the public healthcare system.
Economic factor: Healthcare sector is affected by economic elements like unemployment, interest rates, and inflation. Changes in economic factors significantly affect the public ability to spend their money (Mathews et. al. 2019). Pharmaceutical companies produce medicines and other devices, but it remains unsold due to high unemployment. At the same time, if people are not working, then they cannot have access to work benefits including healthcare. Economic recession directly affects healthcare organisation performance and other associate companies (Kinman et. al. 2020). In the UK, where the inflation rate is very high, people face a crisis to access medical services and on the other hand, leaders of NHS also face difficulties to promote public health.
Social factor: Cultural values and beliefs directly affect their participation in healthcare services. Especially, some cultural prefer approaches prefer to access herbal medicines which may create serious health issues. Demographical changes, for example, gender, age, and further dynamics of the population also affect the healthcare system and it is the responsibility of the leader to address such changes. For example, people are rural backgrounds prefer to use essential oils for flu, fever, and even incurable condition like autism. Thus, a leader should be aware of such beliefs and aware of people for medical treatment (Elier, 2023). Moreover, due to spam social media posts, people started to have a specific diet like keto, paleo, processed chemicals, and artificial sugar which increase obesity threats. Thus, healthcare leaders should navigate such trends in a positive way.
Technological factor: As earlier mentioned that information system and EHRs is very important to manage patient flow, and effective patient care. Other than that, progress in medical devices enables doctors to offer the best care (Gopal et. al. 2019). For example, hearing aid devices provide clear sound, less background noise, and better hearing facilities. Thus, leaders should deploy such advanced tools in their hospitals to ensure great patient care.
Environmental factor: In the healthcare sector, environmental sustainability is profitable for both financial and environmental development (Parkhi, 2019). Many hospitals seek LEED (Leadership in energy and environmental design) certificates for sustainable infrastructure, appropriate bio-waste disposable programs are also emerging in this sector. Leaders in green environment practice areas also consider Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a key area in their strategic decision-making process.
Legal factor: Healthcare is crucial and very basic in society and thus it should have complied with legal requirements. For example, HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) in the US is the legal compliance where companies involves in protected health information (PHI) have to follow physical, network, and process security measures (Hossain et. al. 2019). Other than that, potential hospital mergers and other nation-wise legal requirements should be considered by healthcare organisations as a part of their strategies.
PESTEL factors provide comprehensive knowledge about the healthcare industry and highlight the areas where leaders and managers can improve for better patient care and address the challenges. However, countries have different environmental and legal obligations as well as different infrastructures. Although, the purpose of all healthcare services across the world is the same which is patient care and public health. Thus, the role of leaders and managers are also similar however, the pattern of their implementation process is different (Nagasubramanian et. al. 2020). Hence, healthcare leaders and managers play a vital role in public health and they should consider all PESTEL factors in their healthcare organisation to ensure patient care and the best quality services.
Recommendations through leadership theory
As earlier mentioned, all healthcare leaders and managers across the world have an ultimate purpose which is public health and effective patient care (Frederix et. al. 2019). Therefore, it can suggest to all healthcare leaders and managers that they should use the healthcare leadership model
Healthcare leadership model
It enables a leader to become better and the most important quality of this model is that it is not particularly for the clinical leader as it is for every leader as its emphasis the quality which requires in every leader like collaboration, communication, emotional intelligence, empathy, and team building. NHS healthcare leadership model has nine dimensions, which assist to assess leadership behaviour (NHS, 2022). It focuses to use 360-degree feedback tools to get an insight into others’ perceptions of a leader’s ability and areas of improvement. The nine dimensions are:
Figure 4: Healthcare leadership model
(Source- NHS, 2022)
Inspiring shared purpose: Leader should inspire their team to achieve the overall goal which should be patient’s care and public health.
Leading with care: Leader should understand their workforce expectations and try to meet them in order to improve their productivity.
Information evaluation: They should use advanced techniques to collect, analyse, and interpret information for positive changes (Abul-Husn and Kenny, 2019).
Connecting to services: A leader should try to expand the reach of their organisation’s services.
Sharing vision: A leader should emphasis on shared vision by including their employees in decision-making.
Team engagement: Team building and engagement show the quality of the leader which should be used by healthcare leaders (Himawan and Wening, 2021).
Holding to account: Leader should support their team and give appropriate freedom to self-manage in their job.
Capability development: Leaders should focus on the development of capability by providing training and development opportunities.
Influence for results: A leader should influence their team to achieve overall goals.
Each dimension shows leader behaviour on four scales including essential to proficient and strong to exemplary. Research proves that all nine dimensions are very important for the role of leadership (Alonso et. al. 2019). In the healthcare system, it is very important as the leader has to deal with frontline workers, support function teams, senior authorities, and other stakeholders. The most important thing a leader should recognise is that their every action may directly or indirectly impact patient’s care which is crucial for them. Hence, a leader should adopt this theory, use a 360-degree feedback system to identify their own strengths and weaknesses, and implement the nine dimensions of this theory (Vojinović and Stević, 2021). It helps to improve the efficiency of doctors and nurses, support functions, and ensure the best patient care.
Utilisation management theory
Healthcare managers should use utilisation management theory which is the proactive approach to managing healthcare through legal and required guidelines. There are some essential factors in effective healthcare management. First, it is essential to identify the priorities of the organisation, and then use research to identify the beneficiary of new changes and decisions (Lewis, 2022). From this evaluation, managers enable to determine goals, implementation processes, and future development. Therefore, they should use advanced tools to collect data, make decisions, and evaluate policies.
There are several theories and models for leaders and managers which should adopt by them as per their requirements, external trends, and organisational development.
Conclusion
The present report concluded that healthcare is crucial for society and it is a basic facility that should be exercised by every people across the world. However, there are several challenges in healthcare like increasing disease, aging population, pandemic outbreaks, cost-revenue balance, and technological advancement. Thus, there is a need for effective leadership and management process to address such issues and ensure public health. The purpose of this report is to analyse the role of managers and leaders in healthcare. The report first provides information systems, and EHRs systems in healthcare practices and the role of leaders to use such techniques.
After that, PESTEL analysis is conducted to evaluate all potential external factors that can affect the healthcare system positively and negatively. This analysation summarises that leaders and managers should optimistically use IS and other advanced technologies to manage patient flow and make strategic decisions. After that, the healthcare leadership model suggests which has nine dimensions that influence a leader to improve their leadership style and consider all aspects of healthcare in their leadership strategies. Utilisation management theory suggests which emphasis to collect data, make an implementation plan, and ensuring desirable achievement as per the current legal requirements. The report concluded that leaders and managers play a crucial role in the healthcare sector and the advancement of technology enabled them to resolve healthcare issues and implement innovative changes.
Reflection
From this unit, I get knowledge about healthcare systems, information systems, and the role of leaders and managers in healthcare sectors. I learn that the healthcare system is complex and evolving day by day with the advancement of technology, increasing disease, demographical changes, and increased aging population. Moreover, I learn that EHR is vital to manage patient flow and administration management. Along with this, information system brings revolutionary changes in global healthcare. Most importantly, I developed my knowledge about leadership and management which establish collaboration between healthcare and IS or EHRs (Grasso et. al. 2019). Leaders and managers are crucial for every organisation but most importantly for the healthcare sector because there are different types of departments and multiple stakeholders which needs to manage effectively.
Other than that, there are various external factors that create social and organisational challenges for leaders that leads to individual issues. Hence, I learn the effective use of PESTEL analysis to identify potential external factors that can affect the organisation. At the same time, I developed my knowledge about theories and models that can use to improve leadership and management practices. I believe that this knowledge is very useful for my overall experience that makes me capable to organise modern healthcare services.
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