Assignment Sample on Structural Adaptation & Re-use of Buildings
Question 1
a. Appraisal Processes and Feasibility Assessment
Feasibility assessment is primarily done by managers in the construction field to gain core information related to the project. The major factor that construction managers need to maintain during feasibility assessment for building adaptation projects is to conduct an execution plan. Effective study regarding the site location of the construction project is required to be done by managers in the construction industry. As per the opinion of Alexander et al. (2017), preliminary studies are required to be undertaken in the early stage of a construction project. Preliminary analysis during the building adaptation process should include factors such as conducting a market survey and preparation of an effective planning schedule. Decisions related to the construction project should always be taken by managers based on the study done through feasibility analysis.
Options appraisal process is done once feasibility studies are done properly for building adaptation process. A wide range of options are developed by project managers in construction fields with inclusion of concept design for most appropriate options. As cited by Anwar and Kar (2019), standards of performance in the construction industry increases to a certain extent once the process of feasibility analysis and appraisal process is done properly. Project overview should be achieved by managers according to which they can create better options for cost estimation and quality enhancement. Moreover, performance of a construction project can be enhanced by construction managers by visiting the site location and looking out for options during the process of designing and cost estimation.
b. Procurement methods in Construction Projects
| Procurement Methods | Benefits | Limitations |
| Traditional method | ● Competitive equity is completely maintained during the traditional method due to which accountability of competitive selection is possible.
● Traditional procurement methods have the ability to manage and arrange certain variations in a construction project (de Soto et al. 2018). |
● Time required for producing the full contract is higher compared to other methods of procurement.
● The contractor generally has no input into the planning and design process of the project. |
| Construction management | ● Close liaison between design manager and construction manager is the most beneficial criteria during the implementation of the construction management process (Frigione and Lettieri, 2018).
● Project time gets shortened to a greater extent by letting trade packages as design. |
● Clients get the opportunity to communicate with more than one consultant and a number of contractors to deal with instead of depending on one main contractor.
● Financial condition of the client is uncertain till the completion of work in the construction management process (Lafhaj and Dakhli, 2019). |
| Design and build | ● The contractors are able to gain knowledge regarding critical issues in design or technology.
● Rapid change in implementation of techniques can be done since minimal lines of knowledge and communication is there. |
● A great initial brief and complete scope of the work is required during the adaptation of design and build methods (Demirkesen and Ozorhon, 2017).
● Economies of scale cannot be realized during the implementation of design and build methods of procurement. |
Table 1: Methods of Procurement
(Source: Created by Researcher)
Question 2
a. Costing Techniques
Various costing techniques that are being used by project managers in the construction industry are value engineering, budgetary control and material management. Value engineering is considered to be the first stage by project managers through which identification of products and services are done. Required performance at lowest overall cost can be met by considering the factor of value engineering. As per the study of Mpofu et al. (2017), managers need to be well focused on implementing perfect costing techniques to keep the budget of the project under control. Budgetary control is done next to value engineering in which cash flow estimates are done effectively.
Budgetary control management system is considered to be an effective stage in costing methods as it helps to control the budget of a project. Material management is done by construction managers once control over the budget is achieved. In this process all details regarding cost of materials and resources are maintained by project managers. As opined by Ma et al. (2018), expenses in construction projects should be taken into consideration for the costing process. Controlling procurement and carrying cost is a beneficial method to reduce the total cost of a project and complete it in a fast track process.
b. Sources of Cost Data
Plan of cost in construction projects can be done effectively by taking data from similar kinds of projects constructed in site location. An effective idea regarding cost of resources and overall budget estimation can be done by construction managers after conducting a market survey. As stated by Salama et al. (2017), managers in the construction industry often need to conduct a market survey to understand the cost for various resources in a particular place. Cost estimation process gets more accurate and easier for project managers once they gain an idea related to project resource costing.
Certain difficulties are often there while achieving data from local sources of construction projects since the projects might have been constructed too long ago. It becomes difficult to estimate costing based on a project that is done way before the current project date. As cited by Sanchez and Terlizzi (2017), construction managers often focus on creating an effective plan to complete the costing process. Difficulty often exists for project managers while collecting cost of resources from web sources since cost for products varies on a regular basis that affect accuracy in costing.
c. Value Engineering
Value engineering is an organized and systematic approach in the construction cost estimate process. Construction engineers often adopt this technique to promote substitution of materials and implementation of methods with alternatives that are less expensive. As stated by Zou et al. (2017), construction managers need to make strategies of implementing different alternatives in a project without even sacrificing functionality. Technique of value engineering is adopted by managers to create an explicit and conscious set of disciplined design procedures. Project managers consider finding solutions for unavailability of certain products required to complete a project due to which they consider using similar kinds of alternatives.
Question 3
a. Comparison between Circular and Linear Economy Models
Linear economy models primarily consist of four major components such as raw materials, production, use and residual waste. As opined by Alexander et al. (2017), production of raw materials is required to be done by construction managers so that no issues are created during an ongoing project. In the linearmodel, chances of embodied carbon are more compared to the circular economy model. Major reason behind it is that the residual waste is prone to lead in emission of carbon footprints in construction projects.
On the other hand, the circular economy model consists of three major factors such as recycling, sustainable production and sustainable use. Sustainable production is done in construction projects through the process of recycling products. As stated by de Soto et al. (2018), implementation of an effective economy model is necessary for construction managers for embodied carbon and projects of building adaptation. The recycling process creates more opportunities for construction managers to use products in a sustainable method.
b. Durability of Structural Materials
The two durability issues that the five-storey building need to consider are resistance to water, moisture and damp and resistance to substances that are corrosive. Water resistant products are required to be used in the building in order to keep it damp free. As cited by Frigione and Lettieri (2018), construction managers should consider major material durability factors to enhance quality of a project. High loads of cars might provide a poor impact on ground and first floor due to which material damp quality and resistance to corrosive substances should be checked properly.
Improvement in structural performance can be achieved by bringing an improvement in capability to take dead and live load in all floors of the five storey building. As opined by Ma et al. (2018), construction managers often keep focus on eliminating products that might cost corrosiveness in concrete frame building. Implementing water resistant substances would be beneficial for project managers to increase durability to a greater extent.
c. Consideration of Testing Techniques
Corrosion testing is often considered to be a major process of destructive testing through which small scale nontoxic products are determined. Rain water is considered to be a major issue in corrosion due to which destructive testing is required to be done by construction managers of this particular project. As stated by Anwar and Kar (2019), managers in the construction industry need to implement different testing processes in order to enhance the quality of the project. Penetration resistance tests are done by project managers to test whether the concrete material is efficient enough to take load of various destruction factors. Considering the tests of penetration resistance provides a positive impact on the condition of construction projects for engineering. Construction managers in the re-use project can achieve a higher rate of durability once they consider both the factors of destructive and non-destructive testing process.
References
Alexander, M., Bentur, A. and Mindess, S., 2017. Durability of concrete: design and construction (Vol. 20). CRC Press. Available at: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VAsqDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=durability+issues+in+construction+project&ots=gZqvCYHxIL&sig=fhdnMhdVDCzV-yAoJJTYMUHnioA
Anwar, N. and Kar, S., 2019. Review paper on various software testing techniques & strategies. Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology, p.81. Available at: https://computerresearch.org/index.php/computer/article/view/1873
de Soto, B.G., Agustí-Juan, I., Hunhevicz, J., Joss, S., Graser, K., Habert, G. and Adey, B.T., 2018. Productivity of digital fabrication in construction: Cost and time analysis of a robotically built wall. Automation in Construction, 92, pp.297-311. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092658051731124X
Demirkesen, S. and Ozorhon, B., 2017. Impact of integration management on construction project management performance. International Journal of Project Management, 35(8), pp.1639-1654. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263786317300029
Frigione, M. and Lettieri, M., 2018. Durability issues and challenges for material advancements in FRP employed in the construction industry. Polymers, 10(3), p.247. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/10/3/247
Lafhaj, Z. and Dakhli, Z., 2019. Performance indicators of printed construction materials: A durability-based approach. Buildings, 9(4), p.97. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/9/4/97
Ma, L., Zhang, F., Xue, M., Li, B., Liu, Y., Zhao, J. and Wang, Y., 2018. Combinatorial testing for deep learning systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.07723. Available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.07723
Mpofu, B., Ochieng, E.G., Moobela, C. and Pretorius, A., 2017. Profiling causative factors leading to construction project delays in the United Arab Emirates. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, p.22. Available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ECAM-05-2015-0072/full/html
Salama, T., Salah, A., Moselhi, O. and Al-Hussein, M., 2017. Near optimum selection of module configuration for efficient modular construction. Automation in construction, 83, pp.316-329. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926580517302315
Sanchez, O.P. and Terlizzi, M.A., 2017. Cost and time project management success factors for information systems development projects. International Journal of Project Management, 35(8), pp.1608-1626. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263786317306336
Zou, Y., Kiviniemi, A. and Jones, S.W., 2017. Retrieving similar cases for construction project risk management using Natural Language Processing techniques. Automation in construction, 80, pp.66-76. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926580517303175
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