Business

Statistics Assignment for Business Decisions

Task 1

1. Descriptive Statistics

The below tables show the descriptive statistics for all variables:

Income

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Mean 43.48
Standard Error 2.057785614
Median 42
Mode 54
Standard Deviation 14.55074162
Sample Variance 211.7240816
Kurtosis -1.247719422
Skewness 0.095855639
Range 46
Minimum 21
Maximum 67
Sum 2174
Count 50

Household Size:

Household Size

 

Mean 3.42
Standard Error 0.245930138
Median 3
Mode 2
Standard Deviation 1.738988681
Sample Variance 3.024081633
Kurtosis -0.722808552
Skewness 0.527895977
Range 6
Minimum 1
Maximum 7
Sum 171
Count 50

Amount Charged:

Amount Charged

 

Mean 3963.86
Standard Error 132.023387
Median 4090
Mode 3890
Standard Deviation 933.5463219
Sample Variance 871508.7351
Kurtosis -0.742482171
Skewness -0.128860064
Range 3814
Minimum 1864
Maximum 5678
Sum 198193
Count 50

Interpretation:

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Based on descriptive statistics, average income level of the consumers is approx $43480, whereas average household size is between 3 and 4. In addition, average amount charged to the consumers is approx $3964 by the credit card users. Household size of sample is between 1 and 7.

At the same time, coefficient of variance is very high for income and amount charged by credit card users. In addition, values of kurtosis and skewness near to ±1 indicate consistency of the data distribution closed to the average of the data for each variable. The data for all variables shows acceptability for empirical use.

At the same time, correlation between variable can be determined as below:

Variables Correlation
Income-household  size 17.25%
Income-Amount charged 63.08%
Amount charged-household size 75.28%

Above statistics show that there is a significant correlation between income & amount charged and household size & amount charged by credit card users.

2. Estimated regression equations

Annual income and credit card charges:

SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.630780826
R Square 0.39788445
Adjusted R Square 0.385340376
Standard Error 731.902474
Observations 50
ANOVA
  df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 1 16991228.91 16991228.91 31.71891773 9.10311E-07
Residual 48 25712699.11 535681.2315
Total 49 42703928.02
  Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0%
Intercept 2204.240517 329.1340306 6.697090887 2.14344E-08 1542.472207 2866.009 1542.472 2866.009
X Variable 1 40.46962932 7.185715961 5.631955054 9.10311E-07 26.02177931 54.91748 26.02178 54.91748

Regression equation:

y= mx+ c

y= 40.4696x + 2204.24

Here,

x = Annual income

y = Annual credit card charges

Household size and credit card charges:

SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.752853835
R Square 0.566788897
Adjusted R Square 0.557763666
Standard Error 620.8162594
Observations 50
ANOVA
  df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 1 24204112.28 24204112.28 62.80048437 2.86236E-10
Residual 48 18499815.74 385412.8279
Total 49 42703928.02
  Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0%
Intercept 2581.644082 195.269886 13.22090228 1.287E-17 2189.027669 2974.26 2189.028 2974.26
X Variable 1 404.1567013 50.99977822 7.924675664 2.86236E-10 301.6147764 506.6986 301.6148 506.6986

Regression equation:

y= mx+ c

y= 404.156X + 2581.64

Here,

x = Household Size

y = Annual credit card charges

Regression analysis for both variables indicates that household size variable is better predictor of annual credit card charges as compared to income. It is because R2 for variable income is 0.3978 means approx 40% of the variation in amount charged can be explained by annual income.

Meanwhile, On the other hand, R2 for household size variable is approx 0.57 implies about 57% of the variation in amount charged can be explained by household size.

3. Estimated regression equations

SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.908501824
R Square 0.825375565
Adjusted R Square 0.817944738
Standard Error 398.3249315
Observations 50
ANOVA
  df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 2 35246778.72 17623389.36 111.0745228 1.54692E-18
Residual 47 7457149.298 158662.751
Total 49 42703928.02
  Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0%
Intercept 1305.033885 197.770988 6.598712469 3.32392E-08 907.1699825 1702.898 907.17 1702.898
X Variable 1 33.12195539 3.970237444 8.342562845 7.88598E-11 25.13486801 41.10904 25.13487 41.10904
X Variable 2 356.3402032 33.22039979 10.72654771 3.17247E-14 289.5093801 423.171 289.5094 423.171

y=m1x1 + m2x2 + c

y= 33.12 x1 + 356.34 x2 + 1305.03

Where,

y= Amount Charged

x1 = Income

x2 = Household Size

The above regression analysis shows that R2 is 0.8253 indicating household size and income can explain about 82.53% of the variation in amount charged. From this, it can be determined that both variables together have low significance in comparison of the single variables.  Standard error for both variables together is less than the single variables indicating improvement in regression model.

4. Predicted annual credit card charge

y=m1x1 + m2x2 + c

y= 33.12 x1 + 356.34 x2 + 1305.03

y= 33.12 *40 + 356.34 *3 + 1305.03

y= 1324.8 + 1069.02 + 1305.03

y= $3698.85

The predicted annual credit card charge for a three-person household with an annual income of $40,000 is approx $3,699.

5. Other independent variables

Number of credit card could be added to the model as independent variable to determine its relationship with amount charged by credit card users. There may be a significant relationship between multiple cards and amount charged. Age and gender of the consumers can also be significant in determining amount charged.

It is because youngsters and female consumers are likely to purchase more as it can increase the amount charged by credit card users. In addition, purchasing options including online and offline modes can be considered to determine buying patterns of customers.

 Task 2

Activity1:

Activity 2:

(a) Histograms

(b) Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive Stats HI001 FINAL EXAM HI001 ASSIGNMENT 01 HI001 ASSIGNMENT 02
Mean 31.72 17.21 15.46
SD 6.75 1.99 2.31
Min 0 8 8
Max 45 22 21

 

Descriptive Stats HI002 FINAL EXAM HI002 ASSIGNMENT 01 HI002 ASSIGNMENT 02
Mean 26.50 17.82 12.42
SD 5.91 3.44 1.99
Min 0 4 4
Max 40 22 16

 

Descriptive Stats HI003 FINAL EXAM HI003 ASSIGNMENT 01 HI003 ASSIGNMENT 02
Mean 25.99 18.19 13.54
SD 8.27 3.91 1.76
Min 4 10 8
Max 43 30 20

 Activity 3:

(a) Correlation

Variables Correlation
HI001 FINAL EXAM- HI001 ASSIGNMENT 01 9.26%
HI001 ASSIGNMENT 02- HI001 ASSIGNMENT 01 65.94%
HI002 FINAL EXAM- HI001 ASSIGNMENT 02 -3.74%
HI002 ASSIGNMENT 02- HI002 ASSIGNMENT 01 54.90%
HI003 ASSIGNMENT 02- HI003 ASSIGNMENT 01 51.98%
HI002 ASSIGNMENT 02- HI002 FINAL EXAM 36.26%
HI003 FINAL EXAM- HI002 ASSIGNMENT 01 1.55%
HI003 ASSIGNMENT 01- HI002 FINAL EXAM -6.00%
HI003 FINAL EXAM- HI001 ASSIGNMENT 01 23.17%
HI001 FINAL EXAM- HI003 FINAL EXAM 12.19%
HI002 FINAL EXAM- HI001 FINAL EXAM 4.92%

 b) Results:

Variables Correlation Positive/Negative Strong/Weak Significance value
HI001 FINAL EXAM- HI001 ASSIGNMENT 01 9.26% Positive Weak Not significant
HI001 ASSIGNMENT 02- HI001 ASSIGNMENT 01 65.94% Positive Strong significant
HI002 FINAL EXAM- HI001 ASSIGNMENT 02 -3.74% Negative Weak Not significant
HI002 ASSIGNMENT 02- HI002 ASSIGNMENT 01 54.90% Positive Strong significant
HI003 ASSIGNMENT 02- HI003 ASSIGNMENT 01 51.98% Positive Strong significant
HI002 ASSIGNMENT 02- HI002 FINAL EXAM 36.26% Positive Weak Not significant
HI003 FINAL EXAM- HI002 ASSIGNMENT 01 1.55% Positive Weak Not significant
HI003 ASSIGNMENT 01- HI002 FINAL EXAM -6.00% Negative Weak Not significant
HI003 FINAL EXAM- HI001 ASSIGNMENT 01 23.17% Positive Weak Not significant
HI001 FINAL EXAM- HI003 FINAL EXAM 12.19% Positive Weak Not significant
HI002 FINAL EXAM- HI001 FINAL EXAM 4.92% Positive Weak Not significant

In the above table, significance value reveals that HI001 ASSIGNMENT 02- HI001 ASSIGNMENT 01, HI002 ASSIGNMENT 02- HI002 ASSIGNMENT 01 and HI003 ASSIGNMENT 02- HI003 ASSIGNMENT 01 have strong correlation to each other.

It means the students who received good marks in HI001 ASSIGNMENT 01, also achieved similar marks in HI001 ASSIGNMENT 02. This pattern is also followed in next assignments as well.

Task 3

1. Descriptive Statistics

 

Medical Study 1

Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Florida 20 111 5.55 4.576316
New York 20 160 8 4.842105
North Carolina 20 141 7.05 8.05

Medical Study 2
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Florida 20 290 14.5 10.05263
New York 20 305 15.25 17.03947
North Carolina 20 279 13.95 8.681579

From the above descriptive statistics, it can be interpreted that there is higher depression among normal individuals in New York in comparison of Florida and North Carolina.

In addition, individuals with a chronic health condition such as arthritis, hypertension, and/or heart ailment have similar depression level but high in all locations. But, people with chronic disease have higher depression in comparison of normal individuals.

2. Analysis of variance

Study 1:

Hypothesis Formulation:

H0: µ1=µ2=µ3

No difference in the mean depression score of healthy people in all three locations.

Ha: µ1≠µ2≠µ3                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       significant difference in the mean depression score of healthy people in all three locations.

Where,

µ1= the mean depression score of healthy people in Florida

µ2= the mean depression score of healthy people in New York

µ3= the mean depression score of healthy people in North Carolina

Rejection Rule: The null hypothesis is rejected if, p-value ≤0.05)

ANOVA Single Factor:

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 61.03333 2 30.51666667 5.240886 0.00814 3.158842719
Within Groups 331.9 57 5.822807018
Total 392.9333 59

Interpretation:

Here, p value is less 0.05, so the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, the mean depression score of healthy people is significantly different in the three locations.

Study 2:

ANOVA Single Factor:

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 17.03333333 2 8.516667 0.714212 0.493906 3.158843
Within Groups 679.7 57 11.92456
Total 696.7333333 59

 

Interpretation:

Here, p value is greater than 0.05 as the null hypothesis is accepted. The mean depression score of individuals with a chronic health condition is not significantly different in the three locations.

3. Conclusions

Based on the above analysis, it can be concluded that in test 1, the mean depression score related to locations because there are differences in score in each location. Individuals in New York possess high depression score as compared to other locations.

The mean depression score of individuals with chronic disease does not relate with locations as there is similarity in these scores for all locations.

References

Berenson, M., Levine, D., Szabat, K. A., & Krehbiel, T. C. (2012) Basic business statistics: Concepts and applications. Australia: Pearson higher education AU.

Heiko, A. (2012) Consensus measurement in Delphi studies: review and implications for future quality assurance. Technological forecasting and social change, 79(8), pp. 1525-1536.

Newbold, P., Carlson, W., & Thorne, B. (2012) Statistics for business and economics. UK: Pearson.

Siegel, A. (2016) Practical business statistics. UK: Academic Press.

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